diff --git a/nanobot/agent/loop.py b/nanobot/agent/loop.py
index 1cd5730..d29c13f 100644
--- a/nanobot/agent/loop.py
+++ b/nanobot/agent/loop.py
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                 for tool_call in response.tool_calls:
                     tools_used.append(tool_call.name)
                     args_str = json.dumps(tool_call.arguments, ensure_ascii=False)
-                    logger.info(f"Tool call: {tool_call.name}({args_str[:200]})")
+                    logger.info("Tool call: {}({})", tool_call.name, args_str[:200])
                     result = await self.tools.execute(tool_call.name, tool_call.arguments)
                     messages = self.context.add_tool_result(
                         messages, tool_call.id, tool_call.name, result
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
                     if response:
                         await self.bus.publish_outbound(response)
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error processing message: {e}")
+                    logger.error("Error processing message: {}", e)
                     await self.bus.publish_outbound(OutboundMessage(
                         channel=msg.channel,
                         chat_id=msg.chat_id,
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
             return await self._process_system_message(msg)
         
         preview = msg.content[:80] + "..." if len(msg.content) > 80 else msg.content
-        logger.info(f"Processing message from {msg.channel}:{msg.sender_id}: {preview}")
+        logger.info("Processing message from {}:{}: {}", msg.channel, msg.sender_id, preview)
         
         key = session_key or msg.session_key
         session = self.sessions.get_or_create(key)
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
             final_content = "I've completed processing but have no response to give."
         
         preview = final_content[:120] + "..." if len(final_content) > 120 else final_content
-        logger.info(f"Response to {msg.channel}:{msg.sender_id}: {preview}")
+        logger.info("Response to {}:{}: {}", msg.channel, msg.sender_id, preview)
         
         session.add_message("user", msg.content)
         session.add_message("assistant", final_content,
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ class AgentLoop:
         The chat_id field contains "original_channel:original_chat_id" to route
         the response back to the correct destination.
         """
-        logger.info(f"Processing system message from {msg.sender_id}")
+        logger.info("Processing system message from {}", msg.sender_id)
         
         # Parse origin from chat_id (format: "channel:chat_id")
         if ":" in msg.chat_id:
@@ -388,7 +388,6 @@ class AgentLoop:
         )
         final_content, _ = await self._run_agent_loop(initial_messages)
 
-
         if final_content is None:
             final_content = "Background task completed."
         
@@ -414,22 +413,22 @@ class AgentLoop:
         if archive_all:
             old_messages = session.messages
             keep_count = 0
-            logger.info(f"Memory consolidation (archive_all): {len(session.messages)} total messages archived")
+            logger.info("Memory consolidation (archive_all): {} total messages archived", len(session.messages))
         else:
             keep_count = self.memory_window // 2
             if len(session.messages) <= keep_count:
-                logger.debug(f"Session {session.key}: No consolidation needed (messages={len(session.messages)}, keep={keep_count})")
+                logger.debug("Session {}: No consolidation needed (messages={}, keep={})", session.key, len(session.messages), keep_count)
                 return
 
             messages_to_process = len(session.messages) - session.last_consolidated
             if messages_to_process <= 0:
-                logger.debug(f"Session {session.key}: No new messages to consolidate (last_consolidated={session.last_consolidated}, total={len(session.messages)})")
+                logger.debug("Session {}: No new messages to consolidate (last_consolidated={}, total={})", session.key, session.last_consolidated, len(session.messages))
                 return
 
             old_messages = session.messages[session.last_consolidated:-keep_count]
             if not old_messages:
                 return
-            logger.info(f"Memory consolidation started: {len(session.messages)} total, {len(old_messages)} new to consolidate, {keep_count} keep")
+            logger.info("Memory consolidation started: {} total, {} new to consolidate, {} keep", len(session.messages), len(old_messages), keep_count)
 
         lines = []
         for m in old_messages:
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@ Respond with ONLY valid JSON, no markdown fences."""
                 text = text.split("\n", 1)[-1].rsplit("```", 1)[0].strip()
             result = json_repair.loads(text)
             if not isinstance(result, dict):
-                logger.warning(f"Memory consolidation: unexpected response type, skipping. Response: {text[:200]}")
+                logger.warning("Memory consolidation: unexpected response type, skipping. Response: {}", text[:200])
                 return
 
             if entry := result.get("history_entry"):
@@ -483,9 +482,9 @@ Respond with ONLY valid JSON, no markdown fences."""
                 session.last_consolidated = 0
             else:
                 session.last_consolidated = len(session.messages) - keep_count
-            logger.info(f"Memory consolidation done: {len(session.messages)} messages, last_consolidated={session.last_consolidated}")
+            logger.info("Memory consolidation done: {} messages, last_consolidated={}", len(session.messages), session.last_consolidated)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Memory consolidation failed: {e}")
+            logger.error("Memory consolidation failed: {}", e)
 
     async def process_direct(
         self,
diff --git a/nanobot/agent/subagent.py b/nanobot/agent/subagent.py
index ffefc08..767bc68 100644
--- a/nanobot/agent/subagent.py
+++ b/nanobot/agent/subagent.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class SubagentManager:
         # Cleanup when done
         bg_task.add_done_callback(lambda _: self._running_tasks.pop(task_id, None))
         
-        logger.info(f"Spawned subagent [{task_id}]: {display_label}")
+        logger.info("Spawned subagent [{}]: {}", task_id, display_label)
         return f"Subagent [{display_label}] started (id: {task_id}). I'll notify you when it completes."
     
     async def _run_subagent(
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class SubagentManager:
         origin: dict[str, str],
     ) -> None:
         """Execute the subagent task and announce the result."""
-        logger.info(f"Subagent [{task_id}] starting task: {label}")
+        logger.info("Subagent [{}] starting task: {}", task_id, label)
         
         try:
             # Build subagent tools (no message tool, no spawn tool)
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class SubagentManager:
                     # Execute tools
                     for tool_call in response.tool_calls:
                         args_str = json.dumps(tool_call.arguments, ensure_ascii=False)
-                        logger.debug(f"Subagent [{task_id}] executing: {tool_call.name} with arguments: {args_str}")
+                        logger.debug("Subagent [{}] executing: {} with arguments: {}", task_id, tool_call.name, args_str)
                         result = await tools.execute(tool_call.name, tool_call.arguments)
                         messages.append({
                             "role": "tool",
@@ -175,12 +175,12 @@ class SubagentManager:
             if final_result is None:
                 final_result = "Task completed but no final response was generated."
             
-            logger.info(f"Subagent [{task_id}] completed successfully")
+            logger.info("Subagent [{}] completed successfully", task_id)
             await self._announce_result(task_id, label, task, final_result, origin, "ok")
             
         except Exception as e:
             error_msg = f"Error: {str(e)}"
-            logger.error(f"Subagent [{task_id}] failed: {e}")
+            logger.error("Subagent [{}] failed: {}", task_id, e)
             await self._announce_result(task_id, label, task, error_msg, origin, "error")
     
     async def _announce_result(
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ Summarize this naturally for the user. Keep it brief (1-2 sentences). Do not men
         )
         
         await self.bus.publish_inbound(msg)
-        logger.debug(f"Subagent [{task_id}] announced result to {origin['channel']}:{origin['chat_id']}")
+        logger.debug("Subagent [{}] announced result to {}:{}", task_id, origin['channel'], origin['chat_id'])
     
     def _build_subagent_prompt(self, task: str) -> str:
         """Build a focused system prompt for the subagent."""
diff --git a/nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py b/nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py
index 1c8eac4..7d9033d 100644
--- a/nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py
+++ b/nanobot/agent/tools/mcp.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ async def connect_mcp_servers(
                     streamable_http_client(cfg.url)
                 )
             else:
-                logger.warning(f"MCP server '{name}': no command or url configured, skipping")
+                logger.warning("MCP server '{}': no command or url configured, skipping", name)
                 continue
 
             session = await stack.enter_async_context(ClientSession(read, write))
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ async def connect_mcp_servers(
             for tool_def in tools.tools:
                 wrapper = MCPToolWrapper(session, name, tool_def)
                 registry.register(wrapper)
-                logger.debug(f"MCP: registered tool '{wrapper.name}' from server '{name}'")
+                logger.debug("MCP: registered tool '{}' from server '{}'", wrapper.name, name)
 
-            logger.info(f"MCP server '{name}': connected, {len(tools.tools)} tools registered")
+            logger.info("MCP server '{}': connected, {} tools registered", name, len(tools.tools))
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"MCP server '{name}': failed to connect: {e}")
+            logger.error("MCP server '{}': failed to connect: {}", name, e)
diff --git a/nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py b/nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py
index 18eff64..e3592a7 100644
--- a/nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py
+++ b/nanobot/agent/tools/shell.py
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
             r"\brm\s+-[rf]{1,2}\b",          # rm -r, rm -rf, rm -fr
             r"\bdel\s+/[fq]\b",              # del /f, del /q
             r"\brmdir\s+/s\b",               # rmdir /s
-            r"\b(format|mkfs|diskpart)\b",   # disk operations
+            r"(?:^|[;&|]\s*)format\b",       # format (as standalone command only)
+            r"\b(mkfs|diskpart)\b",          # disk operations
             r"\bdd\s+if=",                   # dd
             r">\s*/dev/sd",                  # write to disk
             r"\b(shutdown|reboot|poweroff)\b",  # system power
@@ -81,6 +82,12 @@ class ExecTool(Tool):
                 )
             except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                 process.kill()
+                # Wait for the process to fully terminate so pipes are
+                # drained and file descriptors are released.
+                try:
+                    await asyncio.wait_for(process.wait(), timeout=5.0)
+                except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+                    pass
                 return f"Error: Command timed out after {self.timeout} seconds"
             
             output_parts = []
diff --git a/nanobot/bus/queue.py b/nanobot/bus/queue.py
index 4123d06..7c0616f 100644
--- a/nanobot/bus/queue.py
+++ b/nanobot/bus/queue.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 """Async message queue for decoupled channel-agent communication."""
 
 import asyncio
-from typing import Callable, Awaitable
-
-from loguru import logger
 
 from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
 
@@ -11,70 +8,36 @@ from nanobot.bus.events import InboundMessage, OutboundMessage
 class MessageBus:
     """
     Async message bus that decouples chat channels from the agent core.
-    
+
     Channels push messages to the inbound queue, and the agent processes
     them and pushes responses to the outbound queue.
     """
-    
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.inbound: asyncio.Queue[InboundMessage] = asyncio.Queue()
         self.outbound: asyncio.Queue[OutboundMessage] = asyncio.Queue()
-        self._outbound_subscribers: dict[str, list[Callable[[OutboundMessage], Awaitable[None]]]] = {}
-        self._running = False
-    
+
     async def publish_inbound(self, msg: InboundMessage) -> None:
         """Publish a message from a channel to the agent."""
         await self.inbound.put(msg)
-    
+
     async def consume_inbound(self) -> InboundMessage:
         """Consume the next inbound message (blocks until available)."""
         return await self.inbound.get()
-    
+
     async def publish_outbound(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
         """Publish a response from the agent to channels."""
         await self.outbound.put(msg)
-    
+
     async def consume_outbound(self) -> OutboundMessage:
         """Consume the next outbound message (blocks until available)."""
         return await self.outbound.get()
-    
-    def subscribe_outbound(
-        self, 
-        channel: str, 
-        callback: Callable[[OutboundMessage], Awaitable[None]]
-    ) -> None:
-        """Subscribe to outbound messages for a specific channel."""
-        if channel not in self._outbound_subscribers:
-            self._outbound_subscribers[channel] = []
-        self._outbound_subscribers[channel].append(callback)
-    
-    async def dispatch_outbound(self) -> None:
-        """
-        Dispatch outbound messages to subscribed channels.
-        Run this as a background task.
-        """
-        self._running = True
-        while self._running:
-            try:
-                msg = await asyncio.wait_for(self.outbound.get(), timeout=1.0)
-                subscribers = self._outbound_subscribers.get(msg.channel, [])
-                for callback in subscribers:
-                    try:
-                        await callback(msg)
-                    except Exception as e:
-                        logger.error(f"Error dispatching to {msg.channel}: {e}")
-            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-                continue
-    
-    def stop(self) -> None:
-        """Stop the dispatcher loop."""
-        self._running = False
-    
+
     @property
     def inbound_size(self) -> int:
         """Number of pending inbound messages."""
         return self.inbound.qsize()
-    
+
     @property
     def outbound_size(self) -> int:
         """Number of pending outbound messages."""
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/dingtalk.py b/nanobot/channels/dingtalk.py
index 6b27af4..b7263b3 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/dingtalk.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/dingtalk.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class NanobotDingTalkHandler(CallbackHandler):
             sender_id = chatbot_msg.sender_staff_id or chatbot_msg.sender_id
             sender_name = chatbot_msg.sender_nick or "Unknown"
 
-            logger.info(f"Received DingTalk message from {sender_name} ({sender_id}): {content}")
+            logger.info("Received DingTalk message from {} ({}): {}", sender_name, sender_id, content)
 
             # Forward to Nanobot via _on_message (non-blocking).
             # Store reference to prevent GC before task completes.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class NanobotDingTalkHandler(CallbackHandler):
             return AckMessage.STATUS_OK, "OK"
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error processing DingTalk message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error processing DingTalk message: {}", e)
             # Return OK to avoid retry loop from DingTalk server
             return AckMessage.STATUS_OK, "Error"
 
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                 try:
                     await self._client.start()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning(f"DingTalk stream error: {e}")
+                    logger.warning("DingTalk stream error: {}", e)
                 if self._running:
                     logger.info("Reconnecting DingTalk stream in 5 seconds...")
                     await asyncio.sleep(5)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Failed to start DingTalk channel: {e}")
+            logger.exception("Failed to start DingTalk channel: {}", e)
 
     async def stop(self) -> None:
         """Stop the DingTalk bot."""
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
             self._token_expiry = time.time() + int(res_data.get("expireIn", 7200)) - 60
             return self._access_token
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to get DingTalk access token: {e}")
+            logger.error("Failed to get DingTalk access token: {}", e)
             return None
 
     async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
@@ -218,11 +218,11 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             resp = await self._http.post(url, json=data, headers=headers)
             if resp.status_code != 200:
-                logger.error(f"DingTalk send failed: {resp.text}")
+                logger.error("DingTalk send failed: {}", resp.text)
             else:
-                logger.debug(f"DingTalk message sent to {msg.chat_id}")
+                logger.debug("DingTalk message sent to {}", msg.chat_id)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending DingTalk message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending DingTalk message: {}", e)
 
     async def _on_message(self, content: str, sender_id: str, sender_name: str) -> None:
         """Handle incoming message (called by NanobotDingTalkHandler).
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
         permission checks before publishing to the bus.
         """
         try:
-            logger.info(f"DingTalk inbound: {content} from {sender_name}")
+            logger.info("DingTalk inbound: {} from {}", content, sender_name)
             await self._handle_message(
                 sender_id=sender_id,
                 chat_id=sender_id,  # For private chat, chat_id == sender_id
@@ -242,4 +242,4 @@ class DingTalkChannel(BaseChannel):
                 },
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error publishing DingTalk message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error publishing DingTalk message: {}", e)
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/discord.py b/nanobot/channels/discord.py
index a76d6ac..8baecbf 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/discord.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/discord.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Discord gateway error: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Discord gateway error: {}", e)
                 if self._running:
                     logger.info("Reconnecting to Discord gateway in 5 seconds...")
                     await asyncio.sleep(5)
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
                     if response.status_code == 429:
                         data = response.json()
                         retry_after = float(data.get("retry_after", 1.0))
-                        logger.warning(f"Discord rate limited, retrying in {retry_after}s")
+                        logger.warning("Discord rate limited, retrying in {}s", retry_after)
                         await asyncio.sleep(retry_after)
                         continue
                     response.raise_for_status()
                     return
                 except Exception as e:
                     if attempt == 2:
-                        logger.error(f"Error sending Discord message: {e}")
+                        logger.error("Error sending Discord message: {}", e)
                     else:
                         await asyncio.sleep(1)
         finally:
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
             try:
                 data = json.loads(raw)
             except json.JSONDecodeError:
-                logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON from Discord gateway: {raw[:100]}")
+                logger.warning("Invalid JSON from Discord gateway: {}", raw[:100])
                 continue
 
             op = data.get("op")
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
                 try:
                     await self._ws.send(json.dumps(payload))
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning(f"Discord heartbeat failed: {e}")
+                    logger.warning("Discord heartbeat failed: {}", e)
                     break
                 await asyncio.sleep(interval_s)
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class DiscordChannel(BaseChannel):
                 media_paths.append(str(file_path))
                 content_parts.append(f"[attachment: {file_path}]")
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Failed to download Discord attachment: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Failed to download Discord attachment: {}", e)
                 content_parts.append(f"[attachment: {filename} - download failed]")
 
         reply_to = (payload.get("referenced_message") or {}).get("id")
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/email.py b/nanobot/channels/email.py
index 0e47067..1b6f46b 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/email.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/email.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class EmailChannel(BaseChannel):
                         metadata=item.get("metadata", {}),
                     )
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Email polling error: {e}")
+                logger.error("Email polling error: {}", e)
 
             await asyncio.sleep(poll_seconds)
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class EmailChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             await asyncio.to_thread(self._smtp_send, email_msg)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending email to {to_addr}: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending email to {}: {}", to_addr, e)
             raise
 
     def _validate_config(self) -> bool:
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class EmailChannel(BaseChannel):
             missing.append("smtp_password")
 
         if missing:
-            logger.error(f"Email channel not configured, missing: {', '.join(missing)}")
+            logger.error("Email channel not configured, missing: {}", ', '.join(missing))
             return False
         return True
 
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/feishu.py b/nanobot/channels/feishu.py
index bc4a2b8..a8ca1fa 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/feishu.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/feishu.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import json
+import os
 import re
 import threading
 from collections import OrderedDict
@@ -17,6 +18,10 @@ from nanobot.config.schema import FeishuConfig
 try:
     import lark_oapi as lark
     from lark_oapi.api.im.v1 import (
+        CreateFileRequest,
+        CreateFileRequestBody,
+        CreateImageRequest,
+        CreateImageRequestBody,
         CreateMessageRequest,
         CreateMessageRequestBody,
         CreateMessageReactionRequest,
@@ -151,7 +156,7 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
                 try:
                     self._ws_client.start()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning(f"Feishu WebSocket error: {e}")
+                    logger.warning("Feishu WebSocket error: {}", e)
                 if self._running:
                     import time; time.sleep(5)
         
@@ -172,7 +177,7 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             try:
                 self._ws_client.stop()
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Error stopping WebSocket client: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Error stopping WebSocket client: {}", e)
         logger.info("Feishu bot stopped")
     
     def _add_reaction_sync(self, message_id: str, emoji_type: str) -> None:
@@ -189,11 +194,11 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             response = self._client.im.v1.message_reaction.create(request)
             
             if not response.success():
-                logger.warning(f"Failed to add reaction: code={response.code}, msg={response.msg}")
+                logger.warning("Failed to add reaction: code={}, msg={}", response.code, response.msg)
             else:
-                logger.debug(f"Added {emoji_type} reaction to message {message_id}")
+                logger.debug("Added {} reaction to message {}", emoji_type, message_id)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Error adding reaction: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Error adding reaction: {}", e)
 
     async def _add_reaction(self, message_id: str, emoji_type: str = "THUMBSUP") -> None:
         """
@@ -263,7 +268,6 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             before = protected[last_end:m.start()].strip()
             if before:
                 elements.append({"tag": "markdown", "content": before})
-            level = len(m.group(1))
             text = m.group(2).strip()
             elements.append({
                 "tag": "div",
@@ -284,50 +288,128 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
 
         return elements or [{"tag": "markdown", "content": content}]
 
-    async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
-        """Send a message through Feishu."""
-        if not self._client:
-            logger.warning("Feishu client not initialized")
-            return
-        
+    _IMAGE_EXTS = {".png", ".jpg", ".jpeg", ".gif", ".bmp", ".webp", ".ico", ".tiff", ".tif"}
+    _AUDIO_EXTS = {".opus"}
+    _FILE_TYPE_MAP = {
+        ".opus": "opus", ".mp4": "mp4", ".pdf": "pdf", ".doc": "doc", ".docx": "doc",
+        ".xls": "xls", ".xlsx": "xls", ".ppt": "ppt", ".pptx": "ppt",
+    }
+
+    def _upload_image_sync(self, file_path: str) -> str | None:
+        """Upload an image to Feishu and return the image_key."""
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
+                request = CreateImageRequest.builder() \
+                    .request_body(
+                        CreateImageRequestBody.builder()
+                        .image_type("message")
+                        .image(f)
+                        .build()
+                    ).build()
+                response = self._client.im.v1.image.create(request)
+                if response.success():
+                    image_key = response.data.image_key
+                    logger.debug("Uploaded image {}: {}", os.path.basename(file_path), image_key)
+                    return image_key
+                else:
+                    logger.error("Failed to upload image: code={}, msg={}", response.code, response.msg)
+                    return None
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Error uploading image {}: {}", file_path, e)
+            return None
+
+    def _upload_file_sync(self, file_path: str) -> str | None:
+        """Upload a file to Feishu and return the file_key."""
+        ext = os.path.splitext(file_path)[1].lower()
+        file_type = self._FILE_TYPE_MAP.get(ext, "stream")
+        file_name = os.path.basename(file_path)
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
+                request = CreateFileRequest.builder() \
+                    .request_body(
+                        CreateFileRequestBody.builder()
+                        .file_type(file_type)
+                        .file_name(file_name)
+                        .file(f)
+                        .build()
+                    ).build()
+                response = self._client.im.v1.file.create(request)
+                if response.success():
+                    file_key = response.data.file_key
+                    logger.debug("Uploaded file {}: {}", file_name, file_key)
+                    return file_key
+                else:
+                    logger.error("Failed to upload file: code={}, msg={}", response.code, response.msg)
+                    return None
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Error uploading file {}: {}", file_path, e)
+            return None
+
+    def _send_message_sync(self, receive_id_type: str, receive_id: str, msg_type: str, content: str) -> bool:
+        """Send a single message (text/image/file/interactive) synchronously."""
         try:
-            # Determine receive_id_type based on chat_id format
-            # open_id starts with "ou_", chat_id starts with "oc_"
-            if msg.chat_id.startswith("oc_"):
-                receive_id_type = "chat_id"
-            else:
-                receive_id_type = "open_id"
-            
-            # Build card with markdown + table support
-            elements = self._build_card_elements(msg.content)
-            card = {
-                "config": {"wide_screen_mode": True},
-                "elements": elements,
-            }
-            content = json.dumps(card, ensure_ascii=False)
-            
             request = CreateMessageRequest.builder() \
                 .receive_id_type(receive_id_type) \
                 .request_body(
                     CreateMessageRequestBody.builder()
-                    .receive_id(msg.chat_id)
-                    .msg_type("interactive")
+                    .receive_id(receive_id)
+                    .msg_type(msg_type)
                     .content(content)
                     .build()
                 ).build()
-            
             response = self._client.im.v1.message.create(request)
-            
             if not response.success():
                 logger.error(
-                    f"Failed to send Feishu message: code={response.code}, "
-                    f"msg={response.msg}, log_id={response.get_log_id()}"
+                    "Failed to send Feishu {} message: code={}, msg={}, log_id={}",
+                    msg_type, response.code, response.msg, response.get_log_id()
                 )
-            else:
-                logger.debug(f"Feishu message sent to {msg.chat_id}")
-                
+                return False
+            logger.debug("Feishu {} message sent to {}", msg_type, receive_id)
+            return True
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending Feishu message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending Feishu {} message: {}", msg_type, e)
+            return False
+
+    async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
+        """Send a message through Feishu, including media (images/files) if present."""
+        if not self._client:
+            logger.warning("Feishu client not initialized")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            receive_id_type = "chat_id" if msg.chat_id.startswith("oc_") else "open_id"
+            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+            for file_path in msg.media:
+                if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+                    logger.warning("Media file not found: {}", file_path)
+                    continue
+                ext = os.path.splitext(file_path)[1].lower()
+                if ext in self._IMAGE_EXTS:
+                    key = await loop.run_in_executor(None, self._upload_image_sync, file_path)
+                    if key:
+                        await loop.run_in_executor(
+                            None, self._send_message_sync,
+                            receive_id_type, msg.chat_id, "image", json.dumps({"image_key": key}, ensure_ascii=False),
+                        )
+                else:
+                    key = await loop.run_in_executor(None, self._upload_file_sync, file_path)
+                    if key:
+                        media_type = "audio" if ext in self._AUDIO_EXTS else "file"
+                        await loop.run_in_executor(
+                            None, self._send_message_sync,
+                            receive_id_type, msg.chat_id, media_type, json.dumps({"file_key": key}, ensure_ascii=False),
+                        )
+
+            if msg.content and msg.content.strip():
+                card = {"config": {"wide_screen_mode": True}, "elements": self._build_card_elements(msg.content)}
+                await loop.run_in_executor(
+                    None, self._send_message_sync,
+                    receive_id_type, msg.chat_id, "interactive", json.dumps(card, ensure_ascii=False),
+                )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Error sending Feishu message: {}", e)
     
     def _on_message_sync(self, data: "P2ImMessageReceiveV1") -> None:
         """
@@ -399,4 +481,4 @@ class FeishuChannel(BaseChannel):
             )
             
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error processing Feishu message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error processing Feishu message: {}", e)
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/manager.py b/nanobot/channels/manager.py
index e860d26..6fbab04 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/manager.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/manager.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Telegram channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Telegram channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Telegram channel not available: {}", e)
         
         # WhatsApp channel
         if self.config.channels.whatsapp.enabled:
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("WhatsApp channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"WhatsApp channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("WhatsApp channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # Discord channel
         if self.config.channels.discord.enabled:
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Discord channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Discord channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Discord channel not available: {}", e)
         
         # Feishu channel
         if self.config.channels.feishu.enabled:
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Feishu channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Feishu channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Feishu channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # Mochat channel
         if self.config.channels.mochat.enabled:
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Mochat channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Mochat channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Mochat channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # DingTalk channel
         if self.config.channels.dingtalk.enabled:
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("DingTalk channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"DingTalk channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("DingTalk channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # Email channel
         if self.config.channels.email.enabled:
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Email channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Email channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Email channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # Slack channel
         if self.config.channels.slack.enabled:
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("Slack channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Slack channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Slack channel not available: {}", e)
 
         # QQ channel
         if self.config.channels.qq.enabled:
@@ -135,14 +135,14 @@ class ChannelManager:
                 )
                 logger.info("QQ channel enabled")
             except ImportError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"QQ channel not available: {e}")
+                logger.warning("QQ channel not available: {}", e)
     
     async def _start_channel(self, name: str, channel: BaseChannel) -> None:
         """Start a channel and log any exceptions."""
         try:
             await channel.start()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to start channel {name}: {e}")
+            logger.error("Failed to start channel {}: {}", name, e)
 
     async def start_all(self) -> None:
         """Start all channels and the outbound dispatcher."""
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class ChannelManager:
         # Start channels
         tasks = []
         for name, channel in self.channels.items():
-            logger.info(f"Starting {name} channel...")
+            logger.info("Starting {} channel...", name)
             tasks.append(asyncio.create_task(self._start_channel(name, channel)))
         
         # Wait for all to complete (they should run forever)
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ class ChannelManager:
         for name, channel in self.channels.items():
             try:
                 await channel.stop()
-                logger.info(f"Stopped {name} channel")
+                logger.info("Stopped {} channel", name)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error stopping {name}: {e}")
+                logger.error("Error stopping {}: {}", name, e)
     
     async def _dispatch_outbound(self) -> None:
         """Dispatch outbound messages to the appropriate channel."""
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ class ChannelManager:
                     try:
                         await channel.send(msg)
                     except Exception as e:
-                        logger.error(f"Error sending to {msg.channel}: {e}")
+                        logger.error("Error sending to {}: {}", msg.channel, e)
                 else:
-                    logger.warning(f"Unknown channel: {msg.channel}")
+                    logger.warning("Unknown channel: {}", msg.channel)
                     
             except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                 continue
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/mochat.py b/nanobot/channels/mochat.py
index 30c3dbf..e762dfd 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/mochat.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/mochat.py
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
                 await self._api_send("/api/claw/sessions/send", "sessionId", target.id,
                                      content, msg.reply_to)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to send Mochat message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Failed to send Mochat message: {}", e)
 
     # ---- config / init helpers ---------------------------------------------
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
 
         @client.event
         async def connect_error(data: Any) -> None:
-            logger.error(f"Mochat websocket connect error: {data}")
+            logger.error("Mochat websocket connect error: {}", data)
 
         @client.on("claw.session.events")
         async def on_session_events(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             )
             return True
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to connect Mochat websocket: {e}")
+            logger.error("Failed to connect Mochat websocket: {}", e)
             try:
                 await client.disconnect()
             except Exception:
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             "limit": self.config.watch_limit,
         })
         if not ack.get("result"):
-            logger.error(f"Mochat subscribeSessions failed: {ack.get('message', 'unknown error')}")
+            logger.error("Mochat subscribeSessions failed: {}", ack.get('message', 'unknown error'))
             return False
 
         data = ack.get("data")
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             return True
         ack = await self._socket_call("com.claw.im.subscribePanels", {"panelIds": panel_ids})
         if not ack.get("result"):
-            logger.error(f"Mochat subscribePanels failed: {ack.get('message', 'unknown error')}")
+            logger.error("Mochat subscribePanels failed: {}", ack.get('message', 'unknown error'))
             return False
         return True
 
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             try:
                 await self._refresh_targets(subscribe_new=self._ws_ready)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Mochat refresh failed: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Mochat refresh failed: {}", e)
             if self._fallback_mode:
                 await self._ensure_fallback_workers()
 
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             response = await self._post_json("/api/claw/sessions/list", {})
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Mochat listSessions failed: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Mochat listSessions failed: {}", e)
             return
 
         sessions = response.get("sessions")
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             response = await self._post_json("/api/claw/groups/get", {})
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Mochat getWorkspaceGroup failed: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Mochat getWorkspaceGroup failed: {}", e)
             return
 
         raw_panels = response.get("panels")
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Mochat watch fallback error ({session_id}): {e}")
+                logger.warning("Mochat watch fallback error ({}): {}", session_id, e)
                 await asyncio.sleep(max(0.1, self.config.retry_delay_ms / 1000.0))
 
     async def _panel_poll_worker(self, panel_id: str) -> None:
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Mochat panel polling error ({panel_id}): {e}")
+                logger.warning("Mochat panel polling error ({}): {}", panel_id, e)
             await asyncio.sleep(sleep_s)
 
     # ---- inbound event processing ------------------------------------------
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             data = json.loads(self._cursor_path.read_text("utf-8"))
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Failed to read Mochat cursor file: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Failed to read Mochat cursor file: {}", e)
             return
         cursors = data.get("cursors") if isinstance(data, dict) else None
         if isinstance(cursors, dict):
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ class MochatChannel(BaseChannel):
                 "cursors": self._session_cursor,
             }, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) + "\n", "utf-8")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Failed to save Mochat cursor file: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Failed to save Mochat cursor file: {}", e)
 
     # ---- HTTP helpers ------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/qq.py b/nanobot/channels/qq.py
index 0e8fe66..16cbfb8 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/qq.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/qq.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def _make_bot_class(channel: "QQChannel") -> "type[botpy.Client]":
             super().__init__(intents=intents)
 
         async def on_ready(self):
-            logger.info(f"QQ bot ready: {self.robot.name}")
+            logger.info("QQ bot ready: {}", self.robot.name)
 
         async def on_c2c_message_create(self, message: "C2CMessage"):
             await channel._on_message(message)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class QQChannel(BaseChannel):
             try:
                 await self._client.start(appid=self.config.app_id, secret=self.config.secret)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"QQ bot error: {e}")
+                logger.warning("QQ bot error: {}", e)
             if self._running:
                 logger.info("Reconnecting QQ bot in 5 seconds...")
                 await asyncio.sleep(5)
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class QQChannel(BaseChannel):
                 content=msg.content,
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending QQ message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending QQ message: {}", e)
 
     async def _on_message(self, data: "C2CMessage") -> None:
         """Handle incoming message from QQ."""
@@ -131,4 +131,4 @@ class QQChannel(BaseChannel):
                 metadata={"message_id": data.id},
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error handling QQ message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error handling QQ message: {}", e)
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/slack.py b/nanobot/channels/slack.py
index dca5055..79cbe76 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/slack.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/slack.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
             logger.error("Slack bot/app token not configured")
             return
         if self.config.mode != "socket":
-            logger.error(f"Unsupported Slack mode: {self.config.mode}")
+            logger.error("Unsupported Slack mode: {}", self.config.mode)
             return
 
         self._running = True
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             auth = await self._web_client.auth_test()
             self._bot_user_id = auth.get("user_id")
-            logger.info(f"Slack bot connected as {self._bot_user_id}")
+            logger.info("Slack bot connected as {}", self._bot_user_id)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Slack auth_test failed: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Slack auth_test failed: {}", e)
 
         logger.info("Starting Slack Socket Mode client...")
         await self._socket_client.connect()
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
             try:
                 await self._socket_client.close()
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Slack socket close failed: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Slack socket close failed: {}", e)
             self._socket_client = None
 
     async def send(self, msg: OutboundMessage) -> None:
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
                 thread_ts=thread_ts if use_thread else None,
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending Slack message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending Slack message: {}", e)
 
     async def _on_socket_request(
         self,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class SlackChannel(BaseChannel):
                     timestamp=event.get("ts"),
                 )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.debug(f"Slack reactions_add failed: {e}")
+            logger.debug("Slack reactions_add failed: {}", e)
 
         await self._handle_message(
             sender_id=sender_id,
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/telegram.py b/nanobot/channels/telegram.py
index 39924b3..fa36c98 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/telegram.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/telegram.py
@@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
         
         # Get bot info and register command menu
         bot_info = await self._app.bot.get_me()
-        logger.info(f"Telegram bot @{bot_info.username} connected")
+        logger.info("Telegram bot @{} connected", bot_info.username)
         
         try:
             await self._app.bot.set_my_commands(self.BOT_COMMANDS)
             logger.debug("Telegram bot commands registered")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Failed to register bot commands: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Failed to register bot commands: {}", e)
         
         # Start polling (this runs until stopped)
         await self._app.updater.start_polling(
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
         try:
             chat_id = int(msg.chat_id)
         except ValueError:
-            logger.error(f"Invalid chat_id: {msg.chat_id}")
+            logger.error("Invalid chat_id: {}", msg.chat_id)
             return
 
         # Send media files
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
                     await sender(chat_id=chat_id, **{param: f})
             except Exception as e:
                 filename = media_path.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
-                logger.error(f"Failed to send media {media_path}: {e}")
+                logger.error("Failed to send media {}: {}", media_path, e)
                 await self._app.bot.send_message(chat_id=chat_id, text=f"[Failed to send: {filename}]")
 
         # Send text content
@@ -248,11 +248,11 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
                     html = _markdown_to_telegram_html(chunk)
                     await self._app.bot.send_message(chat_id=chat_id, text=html, parse_mode="HTML")
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning(f"HTML parse failed, falling back to plain text: {e}")
+                    logger.warning("HTML parse failed, falling back to plain text: {}", e)
                     try:
                         await self._app.bot.send_message(chat_id=chat_id, text=chunk)
                     except Exception as e2:
-                        logger.error(f"Error sending Telegram message: {e2}")
+                        logger.error("Error sending Telegram message: {}", e2)
     
     async def _on_start(self, update: Update, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:
         """Handle /start command."""
@@ -344,21 +344,21 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
                     transcriber = GroqTranscriptionProvider(api_key=self.groq_api_key)
                     transcription = await transcriber.transcribe(file_path)
                     if transcription:
-                        logger.info(f"Transcribed {media_type}: {transcription[:50]}...")
+                        logger.info("Transcribed {}: {}...", media_type, transcription[:50])
                         content_parts.append(f"[transcription: {transcription}]")
                     else:
                         content_parts.append(f"[{media_type}: {file_path}]")
                 else:
                     content_parts.append(f"[{media_type}: {file_path}]")
                     
-                logger.debug(f"Downloaded {media_type} to {file_path}")
+                logger.debug("Downloaded {} to {}", media_type, file_path)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to download media: {e}")
+                logger.error("Failed to download media: {}", e)
                 content_parts.append(f"[{media_type}: download failed]")
         
         content = "\n".join(content_parts) if content_parts else "[empty message]"
         
-        logger.debug(f"Telegram message from {sender_id}: {content[:50]}...")
+        logger.debug("Telegram message from {}: {}...", sender_id, content[:50])
         
         str_chat_id = str(chat_id)
         
@@ -401,11 +401,11 @@ class TelegramChannel(BaseChannel):
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
             pass
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.debug(f"Typing indicator stopped for {chat_id}: {e}")
+            logger.debug("Typing indicator stopped for {}: {}", chat_id, e)
     
     async def _on_error(self, update: object, context: ContextTypes.DEFAULT_TYPE) -> None:
         """Log polling / handler errors instead of silently swallowing them."""
-        logger.error(f"Telegram error: {context.error}")
+        logger.error("Telegram error: {}", context.error)
 
     def _get_extension(self, media_type: str, mime_type: str | None) -> str:
         """Get file extension based on media type."""
diff --git a/nanobot/channels/whatsapp.py b/nanobot/channels/whatsapp.py
index f799347..f5fb521 100644
--- a/nanobot/channels/whatsapp.py
+++ b/nanobot/channels/whatsapp.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
         
         bridge_url = self.config.bridge_url
         
-        logger.info(f"Connecting to WhatsApp bridge at {bridge_url}...")
+        logger.info("Connecting to WhatsApp bridge at {}...", bridge_url)
         
         self._running = True
         
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
                         try:
                             await self._handle_bridge_message(message)
                         except Exception as e:
-                            logger.error(f"Error handling bridge message: {e}")
+                            logger.error("Error handling bridge message: {}", e)
                     
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
             except Exception as e:
                 self._connected = False
                 self._ws = None
-                logger.warning(f"WhatsApp bridge connection error: {e}")
+                logger.warning("WhatsApp bridge connection error: {}", e)
                 
                 if self._running:
                     logger.info("Reconnecting in 5 seconds...")
@@ -89,14 +89,14 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
             }
             await self._ws.send(json.dumps(payload, ensure_ascii=False))
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending WhatsApp message: {e}")
+            logger.error("Error sending WhatsApp message: {}", e)
     
     async def _handle_bridge_message(self, raw: str) -> None:
         """Handle a message from the bridge."""
         try:
             data = json.loads(raw)
         except json.JSONDecodeError:
-            logger.warning(f"Invalid JSON from bridge: {raw[:100]}")
+            logger.warning("Invalid JSON from bridge: {}", raw[:100])
             return
         
         msg_type = data.get("type")
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
             # Extract just the phone number or lid as chat_id
             user_id = pn if pn else sender
             sender_id = user_id.split("@")[0] if "@" in user_id else user_id
-            logger.info(f"Sender {sender}")
+            logger.info("Sender {}", sender)
             
             # Handle voice transcription if it's a voice message
             if content == "[Voice Message]":
-                logger.info(f"Voice message received from {sender_id}, but direct download from bridge is not yet supported.")
+                logger.info("Voice message received from {}, but direct download from bridge is not yet supported.", sender_id)
                 content = "[Voice Message: Transcription not available for WhatsApp yet]"
             
             await self._handle_message(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
         elif msg_type == "status":
             # Connection status update
             status = data.get("status")
-            logger.info(f"WhatsApp status: {status}")
+            logger.info("WhatsApp status: {}", status)
             
             if status == "connected":
                 self._connected = True
@@ -145,4 +145,4 @@ class WhatsAppChannel(BaseChannel):
             logger.info("Scan QR code in the bridge terminal to connect WhatsApp")
         
         elif msg_type == "error":
-            logger.error(f"WhatsApp bridge error: {data.get('error')}")
+            logger.error("WhatsApp bridge error: {}", data.get('error'))
diff --git a/nanobot/config/schema.py b/nanobot/config/schema.py
index ce9634c..6a1257e 100644
--- a/nanobot/config/schema.py
+++ b/nanobot/config/schema.py
@@ -287,11 +287,25 @@ class Config(BaseSettings):
         from nanobot.providers.registry import PROVIDERS
 
         model_lower = (model or self.agents.defaults.model).lower()
+        model_normalized = model_lower.replace("-", "_")
+        model_prefix = model_lower.split("/", 1)[0] if "/" in model_lower else ""
+        normalized_prefix = model_prefix.replace("-", "_")
+
+        def _kw_matches(kw: str) -> bool:
+            kw = kw.lower()
+            return kw in model_lower or kw.replace("-", "_") in model_normalized
+
+        # Explicit provider prefix wins — prevents `github-copilot/...codex` matching openai_codex.
+        for spec in PROVIDERS:
+            p = getattr(self.providers, spec.name, None)
+            if p and model_prefix and normalized_prefix == spec.name:
+                if spec.is_oauth or p.api_key:
+                    return p, spec.name
 
         # Match by keyword (order follows PROVIDERS registry)
         for spec in PROVIDERS:
             p = getattr(self.providers, spec.name, None)
-            if p and any(kw in model_lower for kw in spec.keywords):
+            if p and any(_kw_matches(kw) for kw in spec.keywords):
                 if spec.is_oauth or p.api_key:
                     return p, spec.name
 
diff --git a/nanobot/cron/service.py b/nanobot/cron/service.py
index 3c77452..2128064 100644
--- a/nanobot/cron/service.py
+++ b/nanobot/cron/service.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class CronService:
                     ))
                 self._store = CronStore(jobs=jobs)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Failed to load cron store: {e}")
+                logger.warning("Failed to load cron store: {}", e)
                 self._store = CronStore()
         else:
             self._store = CronStore()
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class CronService:
         self._recompute_next_runs()
         self._save_store()
         self._arm_timer()
-        logger.info(f"Cron service started with {len(self._store.jobs if self._store else [])} jobs")
+        logger.info("Cron service started with {} jobs", len(self._store.jobs if self._store else []))
     
     def stop(self) -> None:
         """Stop the cron service."""
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class CronService:
     async def _execute_job(self, job: CronJob) -> None:
         """Execute a single job."""
         start_ms = _now_ms()
-        logger.info(f"Cron: executing job '{job.name}' ({job.id})")
+        logger.info("Cron: executing job '{}' ({})", job.name, job.id)
         
         try:
             response = None
@@ -231,12 +231,12 @@ class CronService:
             
             job.state.last_status = "ok"
             job.state.last_error = None
-            logger.info(f"Cron: job '{job.name}' completed")
+            logger.info("Cron: job '{}' completed", job.name)
             
         except Exception as e:
             job.state.last_status = "error"
             job.state.last_error = str(e)
-            logger.error(f"Cron: job '{job.name}' failed: {e}")
+            logger.error("Cron: job '{}' failed: {}", job.name, e)
         
         job.state.last_run_at_ms = start_ms
         job.updated_at_ms = _now_ms()
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class CronService:
         self._save_store()
         self._arm_timer()
         
-        logger.info(f"Cron: added job '{name}' ({job.id})")
+        logger.info("Cron: added job '{}' ({})", name, job.id)
         return job
     
     def remove_job(self, job_id: str) -> bool:
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class CronService:
         if removed:
             self._save_store()
             self._arm_timer()
-            logger.info(f"Cron: removed job {job_id}")
+            logger.info("Cron: removed job {}", job_id)
         
         return removed
     
diff --git a/nanobot/heartbeat/service.py b/nanobot/heartbeat/service.py
index a51e5a0..3c1a6aa 100644
--- a/nanobot/heartbeat/service.py
+++ b/nanobot/heartbeat/service.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class HeartbeatService:
         
         self._running = True
         self._task = asyncio.create_task(self._run_loop())
-        logger.info(f"Heartbeat started (every {self.interval_s}s)")
+        logger.info("Heartbeat started (every {}s)", self.interval_s)
     
     def stop(self) -> None:
         """Stop the heartbeat service."""
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class HeartbeatService:
             except asyncio.CancelledError:
                 break
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Heartbeat error: {e}")
+                logger.error("Heartbeat error: {}", e)
     
     async def _tick(self) -> None:
         """Execute a single heartbeat tick."""
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ class HeartbeatService:
                 if HEARTBEAT_OK_TOKEN.replace("_", "") in response.upper().replace("_", ""):
                     logger.info("Heartbeat: OK (no action needed)")
                 else:
-                    logger.info(f"Heartbeat: completed task")
+                    logger.info("Heartbeat: completed task")
                     
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Heartbeat execution failed: {e}")
+                logger.error("Heartbeat execution failed: {}", e)
     
     async def trigger_now(self) -> str | None:
         """Manually trigger a heartbeat."""
diff --git a/nanobot/providers/litellm_provider.py b/nanobot/providers/litellm_provider.py
index 8cc4e35..3fec618 100644
--- a/nanobot/providers/litellm_provider.py
+++ b/nanobot/providers/litellm_provider.py
@@ -88,10 +88,21 @@ class LiteLLMProvider(LLMProvider):
         # Standard mode: auto-prefix for known providers
         spec = find_by_model(model)
         if spec and spec.litellm_prefix:
+            model = self._canonicalize_explicit_prefix(model, spec.name, spec.litellm_prefix)
             if not any(model.startswith(s) for s in spec.skip_prefixes):
                 model = f"{spec.litellm_prefix}/{model}"
-        
+
         return model
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _canonicalize_explicit_prefix(model: str, spec_name: str, canonical_prefix: str) -> str:
+        """Normalize explicit provider prefixes like `github-copilot/...`."""
+        if "/" not in model:
+            return model
+        prefix, remainder = model.split("/", 1)
+        if prefix.lower().replace("-", "_") != spec_name:
+            return model
+        return f"{canonical_prefix}/{remainder}"
     
     def _apply_model_overrides(self, model: str, kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         """Apply model-specific parameter overrides from the registry."""
diff --git a/nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py b/nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py
index 5067438..fa28593 100644
--- a/nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py
+++ b/nanobot/providers/openai_codex_provider.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class OpenAICodexProvider(LLMProvider):
 
 
 def _strip_model_prefix(model: str) -> str:
-    if model.startswith("openai-codex/"):
+    if model.startswith("openai-codex/") or model.startswith("openai_codex/"):
         return model.split("/", 1)[1]
     return model
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ def _convert_messages(messages: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> tuple[str, list[dict[st
 
         if role == "tool":
             call_id, _ = _split_tool_call_id(msg.get("tool_call_id"))
-            output_text = content if isinstance(content, str) else json.dumps(content)
+            output_text = content if isinstance(content, str) else json.dumps(content, ensure_ascii=False)
             input_items.append(
                 {
                     "type": "function_call_output",
diff --git a/nanobot/providers/registry.py b/nanobot/providers/registry.py
index 49b735c..3071793 100644
--- a/nanobot/providers/registry.py
+++ b/nanobot/providers/registry.py
@@ -384,10 +384,18 @@ def find_by_model(model: str) -> ProviderSpec | None:
     """Match a standard provider by model-name keyword (case-insensitive).
     Skips gateways/local — those are matched by api_key/api_base instead."""
     model_lower = model.lower()
-    for spec in PROVIDERS:
-        if spec.is_gateway or spec.is_local:
-            continue
-        if any(kw in model_lower for kw in spec.keywords):
+    model_normalized = model_lower.replace("-", "_")
+    model_prefix = model_lower.split("/", 1)[0] if "/" in model_lower else ""
+    normalized_prefix = model_prefix.replace("-", "_")
+    std_specs = [s for s in PROVIDERS if not s.is_gateway and not s.is_local]
+
+    # Prefer explicit provider prefix — prevents `github-copilot/...codex` matching openai_codex.
+    for spec in std_specs:
+        if model_prefix and normalized_prefix == spec.name:
+            return spec
+
+    for spec in std_specs:
+        if any(kw in model_lower or kw.replace("-", "_") in model_normalized for kw in spec.keywords):
             return spec
     return None
 
diff --git a/nanobot/providers/transcription.py b/nanobot/providers/transcription.py
index 8ce909b..7a3c628 100644
--- a/nanobot/providers/transcription.py
+++ b/nanobot/providers/transcription.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class GroqTranscriptionProvider:
         
         path = Path(file_path)
         if not path.exists():
-            logger.error(f"Audio file not found: {file_path}")
+            logger.error("Audio file not found: {}", file_path)
             return ""
         
         try:
@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@ class GroqTranscriptionProvider:
                     return data.get("text", "")
                     
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Groq transcription error: {e}")
+            logger.error("Groq transcription error: {}", e)
             return ""
diff --git a/nanobot/session/manager.py b/nanobot/session/manager.py
index 42df1b1..9c1e427 100644
--- a/nanobot/session/manager.py
+++ b/nanobot/session/manager.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class SessionManager:
             if legacy_path.exists():
                 import shutil
                 shutil.move(str(legacy_path), str(path))
-                logger.info(f"Migrated session {key} from legacy path")
+                logger.info("Migrated session {} from legacy path", key)
 
         if not path.exists():
             return None
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class SessionManager:
                 last_consolidated=last_consolidated
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.warning(f"Failed to load session {key}: {e}")
+            logger.warning("Failed to load session {}: {}", key, e)
             return None
     
     def save(self, session: Session) -> None:
@@ -163,7 +163,6 @@ class SessionManager:
             for msg in session.messages:
                 f.write(json.dumps(msg, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
 
-
         self._cache[session.key] = session
     
     def invalidate(self, key: str) -> None:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index bbd6feb..64a884d 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -17,37 +17,37 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 
 dependencies = [
-    "typer>=0.9.0",
-    "litellm>=1.0.0",
-    "pydantic>=2.0.0",
-    "pydantic-settings>=2.0.0",
-    "websockets>=12.0",
-    "websocket-client>=1.6.0",
-    "httpx>=0.25.0",
-    "oauth-cli-kit>=0.1.1",
-    "loguru>=0.7.0",
-    "readability-lxml>=0.8.0",
-    "rich>=13.0.0",
-    "croniter>=2.0.0",
-    "dingtalk-stream>=0.4.0",
-    "python-telegram-bot[socks]>=21.0",
-    "lark-oapi>=1.0.0",
-    "socksio>=1.0.0",
-    "python-socketio>=5.11.0",
-    "msgpack>=1.0.8",
-    "slack-sdk>=3.26.0",
-    "slackify-markdown>=0.2.0",
-    "qq-botpy>=1.0.0",
-    "python-socks[asyncio]>=2.4.0",
-    "prompt-toolkit>=3.0.0",
-    "mcp>=1.0.0",
-    "json-repair>=0.30.0",
+    "typer>=0.20.0,<1.0.0",
+    "litellm>=1.81.5,<2.0.0",
+    "pydantic>=2.12.0,<3.0.0",
+    "pydantic-settings>=2.12.0,<3.0.0",
+    "websockets>=16.0,<17.0",
+    "websocket-client>=1.9.0,<2.0.0",
+    "httpx>=0.28.0,<1.0.0",
+    "oauth-cli-kit>=0.1.3,<1.0.0",
+    "loguru>=0.7.3,<1.0.0",
+    "readability-lxml>=0.8.4,<1.0.0",
+    "rich>=14.0.0,<15.0.0",
+    "croniter>=6.0.0,<7.0.0",
+    "dingtalk-stream>=0.24.0,<1.0.0",
+    "python-telegram-bot[socks]>=22.0,<23.0",
+    "lark-oapi>=1.5.0,<2.0.0",
+    "socksio>=1.0.0,<2.0.0",
+    "python-socketio>=5.16.0,<6.0.0",
+    "msgpack>=1.1.0,<2.0.0",
+    "slack-sdk>=3.39.0,<4.0.0",
+    "slackify-markdown>=0.2.0,<1.0.0",
+    "qq-botpy>=1.2.0,<2.0.0",
+    "python-socks[asyncio]>=2.8.0,<3.0.0",
+    "prompt-toolkit>=3.0.50,<4.0.0",
+    "mcp>=1.26.0,<2.0.0",
+    "json-repair>=0.57.0,<1.0.0",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
 dev = [
-    "pytest>=7.0.0",
-    "pytest-asyncio>=0.21.0",
+    "pytest>=9.0.0,<10.0.0",
+    "pytest-asyncio>=1.3.0,<2.0.0",
     "ruff>=0.1.0",
 ]
 
diff --git a/tests/test_commands.py b/tests/test_commands.py
index f5495fd..044d113 100644
--- a/tests/test_commands.py
+++ b/tests/test_commands.py
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ import pytest
 from typer.testing import CliRunner
 
 from nanobot.cli.commands import app
+from nanobot.config.schema import Config
+from nanobot.providers.litellm_provider import LiteLLMProvider
+from nanobot.providers.openai_codex_provider import _strip_model_prefix
+from nanobot.providers.registry import find_by_model
 
 runner = CliRunner()
 
@@ -90,3 +94,37 @@ def test_onboard_existing_workspace_safe_create(mock_paths):
     assert "Created workspace" not in result.stdout
     assert "Created AGENTS.md" in result.stdout
     assert (workspace_dir / "AGENTS.md").exists()
+
+
+def test_config_matches_github_copilot_codex_with_hyphen_prefix():
+    config = Config()
+    config.agents.defaults.model = "github-copilot/gpt-5.3-codex"
+
+    assert config.get_provider_name() == "github_copilot"
+
+
+def test_config_matches_openai_codex_with_hyphen_prefix():
+    config = Config()
+    config.agents.defaults.model = "openai-codex/gpt-5.1-codex"
+
+    assert config.get_provider_name() == "openai_codex"
+
+
+def test_find_by_model_prefers_explicit_prefix_over_generic_codex_keyword():
+    spec = find_by_model("github-copilot/gpt-5.3-codex")
+
+    assert spec is not None
+    assert spec.name == "github_copilot"
+
+
+def test_litellm_provider_canonicalizes_github_copilot_hyphen_prefix():
+    provider = LiteLLMProvider(default_model="github-copilot/gpt-5.3-codex")
+
+    resolved = provider._resolve_model("github-copilot/gpt-5.3-codex")
+
+    assert resolved == "github_copilot/gpt-5.3-codex"
+
+
+def test_openai_codex_strip_prefix_supports_hyphen_and_underscore():
+    assert _strip_model_prefix("openai-codex/gpt-5.1-codex") == "gpt-5.1-codex"
+    assert _strip_model_prefix("openai_codex/gpt-5.1-codex") == "gpt-5.1-codex"