Expand 3D captcha into three subtypes: 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider

Split the single "3d" captcha type into three independent expert models:
- 3d_text: 3D perspective text OCR (renamed from old "3d", CTC-based ThreeDCNN)
- 3d_rotate: rotation angle regression (new RegressionCNN, circular loss)
- 3d_slider: slider offset regression (new RegressionCNN, SmoothL1 loss)

CAPTCHA_TYPES expanded from 3 to 5 classes. Classifier samples updated
to 50000 (10000 per class). New generators, model, dataset, training
utilities, and full pipeline/export/CLI support for all subtypes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

AGENTS.md

@@ -1,25 +1,33 @@
 # Repository Guidelines
 
 ## Project Structure & Module Organization
-Use `cli.py` as the main entrypoint and keep shared settings in `config.py`. `generators/` builds synthetic captchas, `models/` contains the classifier and expert OCR models, `training/` owns datasets and training scripts, and `inference/` contains the ONNX pipeline, export code, and math post-processing. Runtime artifacts live in `data/`, `checkpoints/`, and `onnx_models/`.
+Use `cli.py` as the main entrypoint and keep shared settings in `config.py`. `generators/` builds synthetic captchas (5 types: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider), `models/` contains the classifier, CTC expert models, and regression models, `training/` owns datasets and training scripts, and `inference/` contains the ONNX pipeline, export code, and math post-processing. Runtime artifacts live in `data/`, `checkpoints/`, and `onnx_models/`.
 
 ## Build, Test, and Development Commands
 Use `uv` for environment and dependency management.
 
 - `uv sync` installs the base runtime dependencies from `pyproject.toml`.
 - `uv sync --extra server` installs HTTP service dependencies.
-- `uv run captcha generate --type normal --num 1000` generates synthetic training data.
+- `uv run captcha generate --type normal --num 1000` generates synthetic training data. Types: `normal`, `math`, `3d_text`, `3d_rotate`, `3d_slider`, `classifier`.
-- `uv run captcha train --model normal` trains one model; `uv run captcha train --all` runs the full order: `normal -> math -> 3d -> classifier`.
+- `uv run captcha train --model normal` trains one model; `uv run captcha train --all` runs the full order: `normal -> math -> 3d_text -> 3d_rotate -> 3d_slider -> classifier`.
 - `uv run captcha export --all` exports all trained models to ONNX.
+- `uv run captcha export --model 3d_text` exports a single model; `3d_text` is automatically mapped to `threed_text`.
 - `uv run captcha predict image.png` runs auto-routing inference; add `--type normal` to skip classification.
 - `uv run captcha predict-dir ./test_images` runs batch inference on a directory.
 - `uv run captcha serve --port 8080` starts the optional HTTP API when `server.py` is implemented.
 
 ## Coding Style & Naming Conventions
-Target Python 3.10+ and follow existing style: 4-space indentation, snake_case for functions/modules, PascalCase for classes, and short docstrings on public entrypoints. Keep captcha-type ids exactly `normal`, `math`, `3d`, and `classifier`. Preserve the design rules from `CLAUDE.md`: float32 training/export, CPU-safe ops, and greedy CTC decoding unless the pipeline is intentionally redesigned. `normal` uses the local configured charset and currently includes confusing characters; math captchas must be recognized as strings and then evaluated in `inference/math_eval.py`.
+Target Python 3.10+ and follow existing style: 4-space indentation, snake_case for functions/modules, PascalCase for classes, and short docstrings on public entrypoints. Keep captcha-type ids exactly `normal`, `math`, `3d_text`, `3d_rotate`, `3d_slider`, and `classifier`. Checkpoint/ONNX file names use `threed_text`, `threed_rotate`, `threed_slider` (underscored, no hyphens). Preserve the design rules from `CLAUDE.md`: float32 training/export, CPU-safe ops, and greedy CTC decoding for OCR models. Regression models (3d_rotate, 3d_slider) output sigmoid [0,1] scaled by `REGRESSION_RANGE`. `normal` uses the local configured charset and currently includes confusing characters; math captchas must be recognized as strings and then evaluated in `inference/math_eval.py`.
+
+## Training & Data Rules
+- All training scripts must set the global random seed (`random`, `numpy`, `torch`) via `config.RANDOM_SEED` before training begins.
+- All DataLoaders use `num_workers=0` for cross-platform consistency.
+- Generator parameters (rotation, noise, shadow, etc.) must come from `config.GENERATE_CONFIG`, not hardcoded values.
+- `CRNNDataset` emits a `warnings.warn` when a label contains characters outside the configured charset, rather than silently dropping them.
+- `RegressionDataset` parses numeric labels from filenames and normalizes to [0,1] via `label_range`.
 
 ## Data & Testing Guidelines
-Synthetic generator output should use `{label}_{index:06d}.png`; real labeled samples should use `{label}_{anything}.png`. Save best checkpoints to `checkpoints/` and export matching ONNX files to `onnx_models/`. Use `pytest`, place tests under `tests/` as `test_<feature>.py`, and run them with `uv run pytest`. For model, data, or routing changes, add a fast smoke test for shapes, decoding, CLI behavior, or pipeline routing.
+Synthetic generator output should use `{label}_{index:06d}.png`; real labeled samples should use `{label}_{anything}.png`. For regression types, label is the numeric value (angle or offset). Sample targets are defined in `config.py`. Save best checkpoints to `checkpoints/` and export matching ONNX files to `onnx_models/`. Use `pytest`, place tests under `tests/` as `test_<feature>.py`, and run them with `uv run pytest`. For model, data, or routing changes, add a fast smoke test for shapes, decoding, CLI behavior, or pipeline routing.
 
 ## Commit & Pull Request Guidelines
 Git history is not available in this workspace snapshot, so use short imperative commit subjects such as `Add classifier export smoke test`. Keep pull requests focused, describe affected modules, list the commands you ran, and attach sample outputs when prediction behavior changes.

CLAUDE.md

@@ -24,29 +24,40 @@ captcha-breaker/
 │   ├── synthetic/               # 合成训练数据 (自动生成，不入 git)
 │   │   ├── normal/              # 普通字符型
 │   │   ├── math/                # 算式型
-│   │   └── 3d/                  # 3D立体型
+│   │   ├── 3d_text/             # 3D立体文字型
+│   │   ├── 3d_rotate/           # 3D旋转型
+│   │   └── 3d_slider/           # 3D滑块型
 │   ├── real/                    # 真实验证码样本 (手动标注)
 │   │   ├── normal/
 │   │   ├── math/
-│   │   └── 3d/
+│   │   ├── 3d_text/
+│   │   ├── 3d_rotate/
+│   │   └── 3d_slider/
 │   └── classifier/              # 调度分类器训练数据 (混合各类型)
 ├── generators/
 │   ├── __init__.py
 │   ├── base.py                  # 生成器基类
 │   ├── normal_gen.py            # 普通字符验证码生成器
 │   ├── math_gen.py              # 算式验证码生成器 (如 3+8=?)
-│   └── threed_gen.py            # 3D立体验证码生成器
+│   ├── threed_gen.py            # 3D立体文字验证码生成器
+│   ├── threed_rotate_gen.py     # 3D旋转验证码生成器
+│   └── threed_slider_gen.py     # 3D滑块验证码生成器
 ├── models/
 │   ├── __init__.py
 │   ├── lite_crnn.py             # 轻量 CRNN (用于普通字符和算式)
 │   ├── classifier.py            # 调度分类模型
-│   └── threed_cnn.py            # 3D验证码专用模型 (更深的CNN)
+│   ├── threed_cnn.py            # 3D文字验证码专用模型 (更深的CNN)
+│   └── regression_cnn.py        # 回归CNN (3D旋转+滑块, ~1MB)
 ├── training/
 │   ├── __init__.py
 │   ├── train_classifier.py      # 训练调度模型
 │   ├── train_normal.py          # 训练普通字符识别
 │   ├── train_math.py            # 训练算式识别
-│   ├── train_3d.py              # 训练3D识别
+│   ├── train_3d_text.py         # 训练3D文字识别
+│   ├── train_3d_rotate.py       # 训练3D旋转回归
+│   ├── train_3d_slider.py       # 训练3D滑块回归
+│   ├── train_utils.py           # CTC 训练通用逻辑
+│   ├── train_regression_utils.py # 回归训练通用逻辑
 │   └── dataset.py               # 通用 Dataset 类
 ├── inference/
 │   ├── __init__.py
@@ -57,12 +68,16 @@ captcha-breaker/
 │   ├── classifier.pth
 │   ├── normal.pth
 │   ├── math.pth
-│   └── threed.pth
+│   ├── threed_text.pth
+│   ├── threed_rotate.pth
+│   └── threed_slider.pth
 ├── onnx_models/                 # 导出的 ONNX 模型
 │   ├── classifier.onnx
 │   ├── normal.onnx
 │   ├── math.onnx
-│   └── threed.onnx
+│   ├── threed_text.onnx
+│   ├── threed_rotate.onnx
+│   └── threed_slider.onnx
 ├── server.py                    # FastAPI 推理服务 (可选)
 ├── cli.py                       # 命令行入口
 └── tests/
@@ -78,13 +93,13 @@ captcha-breaker/
 ```
 输入图片 → 预处理 → 调度分类器 → 路由到专家模型 → 后处理 → 输出结果
                          │
-                ┌────────┼────────┐
+            ┌────────┬───┼───────┬──────────┐
-                ▼        ▼        ▼
+            ▼        ▼   ▼       ▼          ▼
-            normal     math      3d
+         normal    math  3d_text  3d_rotate  3d_slider
-            (CRNN)    (CRNN)   (CNN)
+         (CRNN)   (CRNN) (CNN)   (RegCNN)   (RegCNN)
-                │        │        │
+            │        │     │       │          │
-                ▼        ▼        ▼
+            ▼        ▼     ▼       ▼          ▼
-             "A3B8"  "3+8=?"→11  "X9K2"
+         "A3B8" "3+8=?"→11 "X9K2"  "135"      "87"
 ```
 
 ### 调度分类器 (classifier.py)
@@ -102,7 +117,7 @@ class CaptchaClassifier(nn.Module):
     轻量分类器，几层卷积即可区分不同类型验证码。
     不同类型验证码视觉差异大（有无运算符、3D效果等），分类很容易。
     """
-    def __init__(self, num_types=3):
+    def __init__(self, num_types=5):
         # 4层卷积 + GAP + FC
         # Conv2d(1,16) -> Conv2d(16,32) -> Conv2d(32,64) -> Conv2d(64,64)
         # AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1) -> Linear(64, num_types)
@@ -142,14 +157,32 @@ def eval_captcha_math(expr: str) -> str:
     pass
 ```
 
-### 3D立体识别专家 (threed_cnn.py)
+### 3D立体文字识别专家 (threed_cnn.py)
 
-- 任务: 识别带 3D 透视/阴影效果的验证码
+- 任务: 识别带 3D 透视/阴影效果的文字验证码
 - 架构: 更深的 CNN + CRNN，或 ResNet-lite backbone
 - 输入: 灰度图 1x60x160
 - 需要更强的特征提取能力来处理透视变形和阴影
 - 模型体积目标: < 5MB
 
+### 3D旋转识别专家 (regression_cnn.py - 3d_rotate 模式)
+
+- 任务: 预测旋转验证码的正确旋转角度
+- 架构: 轻量回归 CNN (4层卷积 + GAP + FC + Sigmoid)
+- 输入: 灰度图 1x80x80
+- 输出: [0,1] sigmoid 值，按 (0, 360) 缩放回角度
+- 标签范围: 0-359°
+- 模型体积目标: ~1MB
+
+### 3D滑块识别专家 (regression_cnn.py - 3d_slider 模式)
+
+- 任务: 预测滑块拼图缺口的 x 偏移
+- 架构: 同上回归 CNN，不同输入尺寸
+- 输入: 灰度图 1x80x240
+- 输出: [0,1] sigmoid 值，按 (10, 200) 缩放回像素偏移
+- 标签范围: 10-200px
+- 模型体积目标: ~1MB
+
 ## 数据生成器规范
 
 ### 基类 (base.py)
@@ -185,13 +218,26 @@ class BaseCaptchaGenerator:
 - 标签格式: `3+8` (存储算式本身，不存结果)
 - 视觉风格: 与目标算式验证码一致
 
-### 3D生成器 (threed_gen.py)
+### 3D文字生成器 (threed_gen.py)
 
 - 使用 Pillow 的仿射变换模拟 3D 透视
 - 添加阴影效果
 - 字符有深度感和倾斜
+- 字符旋转角度由 `config.py` `GENERATE_CONFIG["3d_text"]["rotation_range"]` 统一配置
 - 标签: 纯字符内容
 
+### 3D旋转生成器 (threed_rotate_gen.py)
+
+- 圆盘上绘制字符 + 方向标记，随机旋转 0-359°
+- 标签 = 旋转角度（整数字符串）
+- 文件名格式: `{angle}_{index:06d}.png`
+
+### 3D滑块生成器 (threed_slider_gen.py)
+
+- 纹理背景 + 拼图缺口 + 拼图块在左侧
+- 标签 = 缺口 x 坐标偏移（整数字符串）
+- 文件名格式: `{offset}_{index:06d}.png`
+
 ## 训练规范
 
 ### 通用训练配置
@@ -204,7 +250,7 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         'batch_size': 128,
         'lr': 1e-3,
         'scheduler': 'cosine',
-        'synthetic_samples': 30000,  # 每类 10000
+        'synthetic_samples': 50000,  # 每类 10000 × 5 类
     },
     'normal': {
         'epochs': 50,
@@ -222,7 +268,7 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         'synthetic_samples': 60000,
         'loss': 'CTCLoss',
     },
-    'threed': {
+    '3d_text': {
         'epochs': 80,
         'batch_size': 64,
         'lr': 5e-4,
@@ -230,18 +276,36 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         'synthetic_samples': 80000,
         'loss': 'CTCLoss',
     },
+    '3d_rotate': {
+        'epochs': 60,
+        'batch_size': 128,
+        'lr': 1e-3,
+        'scheduler': 'cosine',
+        'synthetic_samples': 60000,
+        'loss': 'SmoothL1',
+    },
+    '3d_slider': {
+        'epochs': 60,
+        'batch_size': 128,
+        'lr': 1e-3,
+        'scheduler': 'cosine',
+        'synthetic_samples': 60000,
+        'loss': 'SmoothL1',
+    },
 }
 ```
 
 ### 训练脚本要求
 
 每个训练脚本必须:
-1. 检查合成数据是否已生成，没有则自动调用生成器
+1. 训练开始前设置全局随机种子 (random/numpy/torch)，使用 `config.RANDOM_SEED`，保证可复现
-2. 支持混合真实数据 (如果 data/real/{type}/ 有文件)
+2. 检查合成数据是否已生成，没有则自动调用生成器
-3. 使用数据增强: RandomAffine, ColorJitter, GaussianBlur, RandomErasing
+3. 支持混合真实数据 (如果 data/real/{type}/ 有文件)
-4. 输出训练日志: epoch, loss, 整体准确率, 字符级准确率
+4. 使用数据增强: RandomAffine, ColorJitter, GaussianBlur, RandomErasing
-5. 保存最佳模型到 checkpoints/
+5. 输出训练日志: epoch, loss, 整体准确率, 字符级准确率 (CTC) 或 MAE, 容差准确率 (回归)
-6. 训练结束自动导出 ONNX 到 onnx_models/
+6. 保存最佳模型到 checkpoints/
+7. 训练结束自动导出 ONNX 到 onnx_models/
+8. DataLoader 统一使用 `num_workers=0` 避免多进程兼容问题
 
 ### 数据增强策略
 
@@ -281,14 +345,14 @@ class CaptchaPipeline:
         pass
 
     def classify(self, image: Image.Image) -> str:
-        """调度分类，返回类型名: 'normal' / 'math' / '3d'"""
+        """调度分类，返回类型名: 'normal' / 'math' / '3d_text' / '3d_rotate' / '3d_slider'"""
         pass
 
     def solve(self, image) -> str:
         """
         完整识别流程:
         1. 分类验证码类型
-        2. 路由到对应专家模型
+        2. 路由到对应专家模型 (CTC 或回归)
         3. 后处理 (算式型需要计算结果)
         4. 返回最终答案字符串
         
@@ -311,7 +375,7 @@ def export_model(model, model_name, input_shape, onnx_dir='onnx_models/'):
     pass
 
 def export_all():
-    """依次导出 classifier, normal, math, threed 四个模型"""
+    """依次导出 classifier, normal, math, threed_text, threed_rotate, threed_slider 六个模型"""
     pass
 ```
 
@@ -325,22 +389,28 @@ uv sync --extra server           # 含 HTTP 服务依赖
 # 生成训练数据
 uv run python cli.py generate --type normal --num 60000
 uv run python cli.py generate --type math --num 60000
-uv run python cli.py generate --type 3d --num 80000
+uv run python cli.py generate --type 3d_text --num 80000
-uv run python cli.py generate --type classifier --num 30000
+uv run python cli.py generate --type 3d_rotate --num 60000
+uv run python cli.py generate --type 3d_slider --num 60000
+uv run python cli.py generate --type classifier --num 50000
 
 # 训练模型
 uv run python cli.py train --model classifier
 uv run python cli.py train --model normal
 uv run python cli.py train --model math
-uv run python cli.py train --model 3d
+uv run python cli.py train --model 3d_text
+uv run python cli.py train --model 3d_rotate
+uv run python cli.py train --model 3d_slider
 uv run python cli.py train --all    # 按依赖顺序全部训练
 
 # 导出 ONNX
 uv run python cli.py export --all
+uv run python cli.py export --model 3d_text     # "3d_text" 自动映射为 "threed_text"
 
 # 推理
 uv run python cli.py predict image.png                    # 自动分类+识别
 uv run python cli.py predict image.png --type normal       # 跳过分类直接识别
+uv run python cli.py predict image.png --type 3d_rotate    # 指定为旋转类型
 uv run python cli.py predict-dir ./test_images/            # 批量识别
 
 # 启动 HTTP 服务 (需先安装 server 可选依赖)
@@ -360,11 +430,12 @@ uv run python cli.py serve --port 8080
 
 1. **所有模型用 float32 训练，导出 ONNX 时不做量化**，先保证精度
 2. **CTC 解码统一用贪心解码**，不需要 beam search，验证码场景贪心够用
-3. **字符集由 config.py 统一定义**: 当前 normal 保留易混淆字符，3d 继续使用去混淆字符集
+3. **字符集由 config.py 统一定义**: 当前 normal 保留易混淆字符，3d_text 继续使用去混淆字符集
 4. **算式识别分两步**: 先 OCR 识别字符串，再用规则计算，不要让模型直接输出数值
-5. **生成器的随机种子**: 生成数据时设置 seed 保证可复现
+5. **随机种子**: 生成数据和训练时均通过 `config.RANDOM_SEED` 设置全局种子 (random/numpy/torch)，保证可复现
 6. **真实数据文件名格式**: `{label}_{任意}.png`，label 部分是标注内容
-7. **模型保存格式**: PyTorch checkpoint 包含 model_state_dict, chars, best_acc, epoch
+11. **数据集字符过滤**: `CRNNDataset` 加载标签时，若发现字符不在字符集内会发出 warning，便于排查标注/字符集不匹配问题
+7. **模型保存格式**: CTC checkpoint 包含 model_state_dict, chars, best_acc, epoch; 回归 checkpoint 包含 model_state_dict, label_range, best_mae, best_tol_acc, epoch
 8. **不使用 GPU 特有功能**，确保 CPU 也能训练和推理 (只是慢一些)
 9. **类型扩展**: 新增验证码类型时，只需 (1) 加生成器 (2) 加专家模型 (3) 调度器加一个类别重新训练
 10. **文档同步**: 对项目结构、配置、架构等做出变更时，必须同步更新 CLAUDE.md 中的对应内容，保持文档与代码一致
@@ -373,18 +444,20 @@ uv run python cli.py serve --port 8080
 
 | 模型 | 准确率目标 | 推理延迟 | 模型体积 |
 |------|-----------|---------|---------|
-| 调度分类器 | > 99% | < 5ms | < 500KB |
+| 调度分类器 (5类) | > 99% | < 5ms | < 500KB |
 | 普通字符 | > 95% | < 30ms | < 2MB |
 | 算式识别 | > 93% | < 30ms | < 2MB |
-| 3D立体 | > 85% | < 50ms | < 5MB |
+| 3D立体文字 | > 85% | < 50ms | < 5MB |
-| 全流水线 | - | < 80ms | < 10MB 总计 |
+| 3D旋转 (±5°) | > 85% | < 30ms | ~1MB |
+| 3D滑块 (±3px) | > 90% | < 30ms | ~1MB |
+| 全流水线 | - | < 80ms | < 12MB 总计 |
 
 ## 开发顺序
 
 1. 先实现 config.py 和 generators/
 2. 实现 models/ 中所有模型定义
 3. 实现 training/dataset.py 通用数据集类
-4. 按顺序训练: normal → math → 3d → classifier
+4. 按顺序训练: normal → math → 3d_text → 3d_rotate → 3d_slider → classifier
 5. 实现 inference/pipeline.py 和 export_onnx.py
 6. 实现 cli.py 统一入口
 7. 可选: server.py HTTP 服务

cli.py

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ CaptchaBreaker 命令行入口
 
 用法:
     python cli.py generate --type normal --num 60000
+    python cli.py generate --type 3d_text --num 80000
+    python cli.py generate --type 3d_rotate --num 60000
+    python cli.py generate --type 3d_slider --num 60000
     python cli.py train --model normal
     python cli.py train --all
     python cli.py export --all
@@ -20,15 +23,21 @@ from pathlib import Path
 def cmd_generate(args):
     """生成训练数据。"""
     from config import (
-        SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR, SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR,
+        SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR, SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR,
+        SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
         CLASSIFIER_DIR, TRAIN_CONFIG, CAPTCHA_TYPES, NUM_CAPTCHA_TYPES,
     )
-    from generators import NormalCaptchaGenerator, MathCaptchaGenerator, ThreeDCaptchaGenerator
+    from generators import (
+        NormalCaptchaGenerator, MathCaptchaGenerator, ThreeDCaptchaGenerator,
+        ThreeDRotateGenerator, ThreeDSliderGenerator,
+    )
 
     gen_map = {
         "normal": (NormalCaptchaGenerator, SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR),
         "math": (MathCaptchaGenerator, SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR),
-        "3d": (ThreeDCaptchaGenerator, SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR),
+        "3d_text": (ThreeDCaptchaGenerator, SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR),
+        "3d_rotate": (ThreeDRotateGenerator, SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR),
+        "3d_slider": (ThreeDSliderGenerator, SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR),
     }
 
     captcha_type = args.type
@@ -50,25 +59,31 @@ def cmd_generate(args):
         gen = gen_cls()
         gen.generate_dataset(num, str(out_dir))
     else:
-        print(f"未知类型: {captcha_type}  可选: normal, math, 3d, classifier")
+        valid = ", ".join(list(gen_map.keys()) + ["classifier"])
+        print(f"未知类型: {captcha_type}  可选: {valid}")
         sys.exit(1)
 
 
 def cmd_train(args):
     """训练模型。"""
     if args.all:
-        # 按依赖顺序: normal → math → 3d → classifier
+        print("按顺序训练全部模型: normal → math → 3d_text → 3d_rotate → 3d_slider → classifier\n")
-        print("按顺序训练全部模型: normal → math → 3d → classifier\n")
         from training.train_normal import main as train_normal
         from training.train_math import main as train_math
-        from training.train_3d import main as train_3d
+        from training.train_3d_text import main as train_3d_text
+        from training.train_3d_rotate import main as train_3d_rotate
+        from training.train_3d_slider import main as train_3d_slider
         from training.train_classifier import main as train_classifier
 
         train_normal()
         print("\n")
         train_math()
         print("\n")
-        train_3d()
+        train_3d_text()
+        print("\n")
+        train_3d_rotate()
+        print("\n")
+        train_3d_slider()
         print("\n")
         train_classifier()
         return
@@ -78,12 +93,16 @@ def cmd_train(args):
         from training.train_normal import main as train_fn
     elif model == "math":
         from training.train_math import main as train_fn
-    elif model == "3d":
+    elif model == "3d_text":
-        from training.train_3d import main as train_fn
+        from training.train_3d_text import main as train_fn
+    elif model == "3d_rotate":
+        from training.train_3d_rotate import main as train_fn
+    elif model == "3d_slider":
+        from training.train_3d_slider import main as train_fn
     elif model == "classifier":
         from training.train_classifier import main as train_fn
     else:
-        print(f"未知模型: {model}  可选: normal, math, 3d, classifier")
+        print(f"未知模型: {model}  可选: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider, classifier")
         sys.exit(1)
 
     train_fn()
@@ -96,7 +115,14 @@ def cmd_export(args):
     if args.all:
         export_all()
     elif args.model:
-        _load_and_export(args.model)
+        # 别名映射
+        alias = {
+            "3d_text": "threed_text",
+            "3d_rotate": "threed_rotate",
+            "3d_slider": "threed_slider",
+        }
+        name = alias.get(args.model, args.model)
+        _load_and_export(name)
     else:
         print("请指定 --all 或 --model <name>")
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -137,19 +163,19 @@ def cmd_predict_dir(args):
         sys.exit(1)
 
     print(f"批量识别: {len(images)} 张图片\n")
-    print(f"{'文件名':<30} {'类型':<8} {'结果':<15} {'耗时(ms)':>8}")
+    print(f"{'文件名':<30} {'类型':<10} {'结果':<15} {'耗时(ms)':>8}")
-    print("-" * 65)
+    print("-" * 67)
 
     total_ms = 0.0
     for img_path in images:
         result = pipeline.solve(str(img_path), captcha_type=args.type)
         total_ms += result["time_ms"]
         print(
-            f"{img_path.name:<30} {result['type']:<8} "
+            f"{img_path.name:<30} {result['type']:<10} "
             f"{result['result']:<15} {result['time_ms']:>8.1f}"
         )
 
-    print("-" * 65)
+    print("-" * 67)
     print(f"总计: {len(images)} 张  平均: {total_ms / len(images):.1f} ms  总耗时: {total_ms:.1f} ms")
 
 
@@ -178,28 +204,43 @@ def main():
 
     # ---- generate ----
     p_gen = subparsers.add_parser("generate", help="生成训练数据")
-    p_gen.add_argument("--type", required=True, help="验证码类型: normal, math, 3d, classifier")
+    p_gen.add_argument(
+        "--type", required=True,
+        help="验证码类型: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider, classifier",
+    )
     p_gen.add_argument("--num", type=int, required=True, help="生成数量")
 
     # ---- train ----
     p_train = subparsers.add_parser("train", help="训练模型")
-    p_train.add_argument("--model", help="模型名: normal, math, 3d, classifier")
+    p_train.add_argument(
+        "--model",
+        help="模型名: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider, classifier",
+    )
     p_train.add_argument("--all", action="store_true", help="按依赖顺序训练全部模型")
 
     # ---- export ----
     p_export = subparsers.add_parser("export", help="导出 ONNX 模型")
-    p_export.add_argument("--model", help="模型名: normal, math, 3d, classifier, threed")
+    p_export.add_argument(
+        "--model",
+        help="模型名: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider, classifier",
+    )
     p_export.add_argument("--all", action="store_true", help="导出全部模型")
 
     # ---- predict ----
     p_pred = subparsers.add_parser("predict", help="识别单张验证码")
     p_pred.add_argument("image", help="图片路径")
-    p_pred.add_argument("--type", default=None, help="指定类型跳过分类: normal, math, 3d")
+    p_pred.add_argument(
+        "--type", default=None,
+        help="指定类型跳过分类: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider",
+    )
 
     # ---- predict-dir ----
     p_pdir = subparsers.add_parser("predict-dir", help="批量识别目录中的验证码")
     p_pdir.add_argument("directory", help="图片目录路径")
-    p_pdir.add_argument("--type", default=None, help="指定类型跳过分类: normal, math, 3d")
+    p_pdir.add_argument(
+        "--type", default=None,
+        help="指定类型跳过分类: normal, math, 3d_text, 3d_rotate, 3d_slider",
+    )
 
     # ---- serve ----
     p_serve = subparsers.add_parser("serve", help="启动 HTTP 识别服务")

config.py

@@ -23,12 +23,16 @@ CLASSIFIER_DIR = DATA_DIR / "classifier"
 # 合成数据子目录
 SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "normal"
 SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "math"
-SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "3d"
+SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "3d_text"
+SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "3d_rotate"
+SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR = SYNTHETIC_DIR / "3d_slider"
 
 # 真实数据子目录
 REAL_NORMAL_DIR = REAL_DIR / "normal"
 REAL_MATH_DIR = REAL_DIR / "math"
-REAL_3D_DIR = REAL_DIR / "3d"
+REAL_3D_TEXT_DIR = REAL_DIR / "3d_text"
+REAL_3D_ROTATE_DIR = REAL_DIR / "3d_rotate"
+REAL_3D_SLIDER_DIR = REAL_DIR / "3d_slider"
 
 # ============================================================
 # 模型输出目录
@@ -38,8 +42,10 @@ ONNX_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "onnx_models"
 
 # 确保关键目录存在
 for _dir in [
-    SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR, SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR, SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR,
-    REAL_NORMAL_DIR, REAL_MATH_DIR, REAL_3D_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR, SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
+    REAL_NORMAL_DIR, REAL_MATH_DIR,
+    REAL_3D_TEXT_DIR, REAL_3D_ROTATE_DIR, REAL_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
     CLASSIFIER_DIR, CHECKPOINTS_DIR, ONNX_DIR,
 ]:
     _dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
@@ -57,7 +63,7 @@ MATH_CHARS = "0123456789+-×÷=?"
 THREED_CHARS = "23456789ABCDEFGHJKMNPQRSTUVWXYZ"
 
 # 验证码类型列表 (调度分类器输出)
-CAPTCHA_TYPES = ["normal", "math", "3d"]
+CAPTCHA_TYPES = ["normal", "math", "3d_text", "3d_rotate", "3d_slider"]
 NUM_CAPTCHA_TYPES = len(CAPTCHA_TYPES)
 
 # ============================================================
@@ -67,7 +73,9 @@ IMAGE_SIZE = {
     "classifier": (64, 128),     # 调度分类器输入
     "normal":     (40, 120),     # 普通字符识别
     "math":       (40, 160),     # 算式识别 (更宽)
-    "3d":         (60, 160),     # 3D 立体识别
+    "3d_text":    (60, 160),     # 3D 立体文字识别
+    "3d_rotate":  (80, 80),      # 3D 旋转角度回归 (正方形)
+    "3d_slider":  (80, 240),     # 3D 滑块偏移回归
 }
 
 # ============================================================
@@ -91,11 +99,25 @@ GENERATE_CONFIG = {
         "rotation_range": (-10, 10),
         "noise_line_range": (2, 4),
     },
-    "3d": {
+    "3d_text": {
         "char_count_range": (4, 5),
         "image_size": (160, 60),              # 生成图片尺寸 (W, H)
         "shadow_offset": (3, 3),              # 阴影偏移
         "perspective_intensity": 0.3,         # 透视变换强度
+        "rotation_range": (-20, 20),          # 字符旋转角度
+    },
+    "3d_rotate": {
+        "image_size": (80, 80),               # 生成图片尺寸 (W, H)
+        "disc_radius": 35,                    # 圆盘半径
+        "marker_size": 8,                     # 方向标记大小
+        "bg_color_range": (200, 240),         # 背景色范围
+    },
+    "3d_slider": {
+        "image_size": (240, 80),              # 生成图片尺寸 (W, H)
+        "puzzle_size": (40, 40),              # 拼图块大小 (W, H)
+        "gap_x_range": (50, 200),             # 缺口 x 坐标范围
+        "piece_left_margin": 5,               # 拼图块左侧留白
+        "bg_noise_intensity": 30,             # 背景纹理噪声强度
     },
 }
 
@@ -108,7 +130,7 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         "batch_size": 128,
         "lr": 1e-3,
         "scheduler": "cosine",
-        "synthetic_samples": 30000,           # 每类 10000
+        "synthetic_samples": 50000,           # 每类 10000 × 5 类
         "val_split": 0.1,                     # 验证集比例
     },
     "normal": {
@@ -129,7 +151,7 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         "loss": "CTCLoss",
         "val_split": 0.1,
     },
-    "threed": {
+    "3d_text": {
         "epochs": 80,
         "batch_size": 64,
         "lr": 5e-4,
@@ -138,6 +160,24 @@ TRAIN_CONFIG = {
         "loss": "CTCLoss",
         "val_split": 0.1,
     },
+    "3d_rotate": {
+        "epochs": 60,
+        "batch_size": 128,
+        "lr": 1e-3,
+        "scheduler": "cosine",
+        "synthetic_samples": 60000,
+        "loss": "SmoothL1",
+        "val_split": 0.1,
+    },
+    "3d_slider": {
+        "epochs": 60,
+        "batch_size": 128,
+        "lr": 1e-3,
+        "scheduler": "cosine",
+        "synthetic_samples": 60000,
+        "loss": "SmoothL1",
+        "val_split": 0.1,
+    },
 }
 
 # ============================================================
@@ -163,6 +203,14 @@ ONNX_CONFIG = {
     "dynamic_batch": True,                    # 支持动态 batch size
 }
 
+# ============================================================
+# 回归模型标签范围
+# ============================================================
+REGRESSION_RANGE = {
+    "3d_rotate": (0, 360),                    # 旋转角度 0-359°
+    "3d_slider": (10, 200),                   # 滑块 x 偏移 (像素)
+}
+
 # ============================================================
 # 推理配置
 # ============================================================

generators/__init__.py

@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
 """
 数据生成器包
 
-提供三种验证码类型的数据生成器：
+提供五种验证码类型的数据生成器：
 - NormalCaptchaGenerator: 普通字符验证码
 - MathCaptchaGenerator: 算式验证码
-- ThreeDCaptchaGenerator: 3D 立体验证码
+- ThreeDCaptchaGenerator: 3D 立体文字验证码
+- ThreeDRotateGenerator: 3D 旋转验证码
+- ThreeDSliderGenerator: 3D 滑块验证码
 """
 
 from generators.base import BaseCaptchaGenerator
 from generators.normal_gen import NormalCaptchaGenerator
 from generators.math_gen import MathCaptchaGenerator
 from generators.threed_gen import ThreeDCaptchaGenerator
+from generators.threed_rotate_gen import ThreeDRotateGenerator
+from generators.threed_slider_gen import ThreeDSliderGenerator
 
 __all__ = [
     "BaseCaptchaGenerator",
     "NormalCaptchaGenerator",
     "MathCaptchaGenerator",
     "ThreeDCaptchaGenerator",
+    "ThreeDRotateGenerator",
+    "ThreeDSliderGenerator",
 ]

generators/threed_gen.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class ThreeDCaptchaGenerator(BaseCaptchaGenerator):
         from config import RANDOM_SEED
         super().__init__(seed=seed if seed is not None else RANDOM_SEED)
 
-        self.cfg = GENERATE_CONFIG["3d"]
+        self.cfg = GENERATE_CONFIG["3d_text"]
         self.chars = THREED_CHARS
         self.width, self.height = self.cfg["image_size"]
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class ThreeDCaptchaGenerator(BaseCaptchaGenerator):
             char_img = self._perspective_transform(char_img, rng)
 
             # 随机旋转
-            angle = rng.randint(-20, 20)
+            angle = rng.randint(*self.cfg["rotation_range"])
             char_img = char_img.rotate(angle, resample=Image.BICUBIC, expand=True)
 
             # 粘贴到画布

generators/threed_rotate_gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+"""
+3D 旋转验证码生成器
+
+生成旋转验证码：圆盘上绘制字符 + 方向标记，随机旋转 0-359°。
+用户需将圆盘旋转到正确角度。
+
+标签 = 旋转角度（整数）
+文件名格式: {angle}_{index:06d}.png
+"""
+
+import random
+
+from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFilter, ImageFont
+
+from config import GENERATE_CONFIG, THREED_CHARS
+from generators.base import BaseCaptchaGenerator
+
+_FONT_PATHS = [
+    "/usr/share/fonts/TTF/DejaVuSans-Bold.ttf",
+    "/usr/share/fonts/TTF/DejaVuSerif-Bold.ttf",
+    "/usr/share/fonts/liberation/LiberationSans-Bold.ttf",
+    "/usr/share/fonts/liberation/LiberationSerif-Bold.ttf",
+    "/usr/share/fonts/gnu-free/FreeSansBold.otf",
+]
+
+_DISC_COLORS = [
+    (180, 200, 220),
+    (200, 220, 200),
+    (220, 200, 190),
+    (200, 200, 220),
+    (210, 210, 200),
+]
+
+
+class ThreeDRotateGenerator(BaseCaptchaGenerator):
+    """3D 旋转验证码生成器。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, seed: int | None = None):
+        from config import RANDOM_SEED
+        super().__init__(seed=seed if seed is not None else RANDOM_SEED)
+
+        self.cfg = GENERATE_CONFIG["3d_rotate"]
+        self.chars = THREED_CHARS
+        self.width, self.height = self.cfg["image_size"]
+
+        self._fonts: list[str] = []
+        for p in _FONT_PATHS:
+            try:
+                ImageFont.truetype(p, 20)
+                self._fonts.append(p)
+            except OSError:
+                continue
+        if not self._fonts:
+            raise RuntimeError("未找到任何可用字体，无法生成验证码")
+
+    def generate(self, text: str | None = None) -> tuple[Image.Image, str]:
+        rng = self.rng
+
+        # 随机旋转角度 0-359
+        angle = rng.randint(0, 359)
+
+        if text is None:
+            text = str(angle)
+
+        # 1. 背景
+        bg_val = rng.randint(*self.cfg["bg_color_range"])
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (self.width, self.height), (bg_val, bg_val, bg_val))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+
+        # 2. 绘制圆盘
+        cx, cy = self.width // 2, self.height // 2
+        r = self.cfg["disc_radius"]
+        disc_color = rng.choice(_DISC_COLORS)
+        draw.ellipse(
+            [cx - r, cy - r, cx + r, cy + r],
+            fill=disc_color, outline=(100, 100, 100), width=2,
+        )
+
+        # 3. 在圆盘上绘制字符和方向标记 (未旋转状态)
+        disc_img = Image.new("RGBA", (r * 2 + 4, r * 2 + 4), (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        disc_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(disc_img)
+        dc = r + 2  # disc center
+
+        # 字符 (圆盘中心)
+        font_path = rng.choice(self._fonts)
+        font_size = int(r * 0.6)
+        font = ImageFont.truetype(font_path, font_size)
+        ch = rng.choice(self.chars)
+        bbox = font.getbbox(ch)
+        tw = bbox[2] - bbox[0]
+        th = bbox[3] - bbox[1]
+        disc_draw.text(
+            (dc - tw // 2 - bbox[0], dc - th // 2 - bbox[1]),
+            ch, fill=(50, 50, 50, 255), font=font,
+        )
+
+        # 方向标记 (三角箭头，指向上方)
+        ms = self.cfg["marker_size"]
+        marker_y = dc - r + ms + 2
+        disc_draw.polygon(
+            [(dc, marker_y - ms), (dc - ms // 2, marker_y), (dc + ms // 2, marker_y)],
+            fill=(220, 60, 60, 255),
+        )
+
+        # 4. 旋转圆盘内容
+        disc_img = disc_img.rotate(-angle, resample=Image.BICUBIC, expand=False)
+
+        # 5. 粘贴到背景
+        paste_x = cx - dc
+        paste_y = cy - dc
+        img.paste(disc_img, (paste_x, paste_y), disc_img)
+
+        # 6. 添加少量噪点
+        for _ in range(rng.randint(20, 50)):
+            nx, ny = rng.randint(0, self.width - 1), rng.randint(0, self.height - 1)
+            nc = tuple(rng.randint(100, 200) for _ in range(3))
+            draw.point((nx, ny), fill=nc)
+
+        # 7. 轻微模糊
+        img = img.filter(ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(radius=0.5))
+
+        return img, text

generators/threed_slider_gen.py

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"""
+3D 滑块验证码生成器
+
+生成滑块拼图验证码：纹理背景 + 拼图缺口 + 拼图块在左侧。
+用户需将拼图块滑动到缺口位置。
+
+标签 = 缺口 x 坐标偏移（整数）
+文件名格式: {offset}_{index:06d}.png
+"""
+
+import random
+
+from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFilter
+
+from config import GENERATE_CONFIG
+from generators.base import BaseCaptchaGenerator
+
+
+class ThreeDSliderGenerator(BaseCaptchaGenerator):
+    """3D 滑块验证码生成器。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, seed: int | None = None):
+        from config import RANDOM_SEED
+        super().__init__(seed=seed if seed is not None else RANDOM_SEED)
+
+        self.cfg = GENERATE_CONFIG["3d_slider"]
+        self.width, self.height = self.cfg["image_size"]
+
+    def generate(self, text: str | None = None) -> tuple[Image.Image, str]:
+        rng = self.rng
+        pw, ph = self.cfg["puzzle_size"]
+        gap_x_lo, gap_x_hi = self.cfg["gap_x_range"]
+
+        # 缺口位置
+        gap_x = rng.randint(gap_x_lo, gap_x_hi)
+        gap_y = rng.randint(10, self.height - ph - 10)
+
+        if text is None:
+            text = str(gap_x)
+
+        # 1. 生成纹理背景
+        img = self._textured_background(rng)
+
+        # 2. 从缺口位置截取拼图块内容
+        piece_content = img.crop((gap_x, gap_y, gap_x + pw, gap_y + ph)).copy()
+
+        # 3. 绘制缺口 (半透明灰色区域)
+        overlay = Image.new("RGBA", img.size, (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        overlay_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(overlay)
+        overlay_draw.rectangle(
+            [gap_x, gap_y, gap_x + pw, gap_y + ph],
+            fill=(80, 80, 80, 160),
+            outline=(60, 60, 60, 200),
+            width=2,
+        )
+        img = img.convert("RGBA")
+        img = Image.alpha_composite(img, overlay)
+        img = img.convert("RGB")
+
+        # 4. 绘制拼图块在左侧
+        piece_x = self.cfg["piece_left_margin"]
+        piece_img = Image.new("RGBA", (pw + 4, ph + 4), (0, 0, 0, 0))
+        piece_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(piece_img)
+        # 阴影
+        piece_draw.rectangle([2, 2, pw + 3, ph + 3], fill=(0, 0, 0, 80))
+        # 内容
+        piece_img.paste(piece_content, (0, 0))
+        # 边框
+        piece_draw.rectangle([0, 0, pw - 1, ph - 1], outline=(255, 255, 255, 200), width=2)
+
+        img_rgba = img.convert("RGBA")
+        img_rgba.paste(piece_img, (piece_x, gap_y), piece_img)
+        img = img_rgba.convert("RGB")
+
+        # 5. 轻微模糊
+        img = img.filter(ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(radius=0.3))
+
+        return img, text
+
+    def _textured_background(self, rng: random.Random) -> Image.Image:
+        """生成带纹理的彩色背景。"""
+        img = Image.new("RGB", (self.width, self.height))
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
+
+        # 渐变底色
+        base_r, base_g, base_b = rng.randint(100, 180), rng.randint(100, 180), rng.randint(100, 180)
+        for y in range(self.height):
+            ratio = y / max(self.height - 1, 1)
+            r = int(base_r + 30 * ratio)
+            g = int(base_g - 20 * ratio)
+            b = int(base_b + 10 * ratio)
+            draw.line([(0, y), (self.width, y)], fill=(r, g, b))
+
+        # 添加纹理噪声
+        noise_intensity = self.cfg["bg_noise_intensity"]
+        for _ in range(self.width * self.height // 8):
+            x = rng.randint(0, self.width - 1)
+            y = rng.randint(0, self.height - 1)
+            pixel = img.getpixel((x, y))
+            noise = tuple(
+                max(0, min(255, c + rng.randint(-noise_intensity, noise_intensity)))
+                for c in pixel
+            )
+            draw.point((x, y), fill=noise)
+
+        # 随机色块 (模拟图案)
+        for _ in range(rng.randint(3, 6)):
+            x1, y1 = rng.randint(0, self.width - 30), rng.randint(0, self.height - 20)
+            x2, y2 = x1 + rng.randint(15, 40), y1 + rng.randint(10, 25)
+            color = tuple(rng.randint(60, 220) for _ in range(3))
+            draw.rectangle([x1, y1, x2, y2], fill=color)
+
+        return img

inference/export_onnx.py

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ from config import (
     MATH_CHARS,
     THREED_CHARS,
     NUM_CAPTCHA_TYPES,
+    REGRESSION_RANGE,
 )
 from models.classifier import CaptchaClassifier
 from models.lite_crnn import LiteCRNN
 from models.threed_cnn import ThreeDCNN
+from models.regression_cnn import RegressionCNN
 
 
 def export_model(
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ def export_model(
 
     Args:
         model:       已加载权重的 PyTorch 模型
-        model_name:  模型名 (classifier / normal / math / threed)
+        model_name:  模型名 (classifier / normal / math / threed_text / threed_rotate / threed_slider)
         input_shape: 输入形状 (C, H, W)
         onnx_dir:    输出目录 (默认使用 config.ONNX_DIR)
     """
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ def export_model(
     dummy = torch.randn(1, *input_shape)
 
     # 分类器和识别器的 dynamic_axes 不同
-    if model_name == "classifier":
+    if model_name == "classifier" or model_name in ("threed_rotate", "threed_slider"):
         dynamic_axes = {"input": {0: "batch"}, "output": {0: "batch"}}
     else:
         # CTC 模型: output shape = (T, B, C)
@@ -78,7 +80,8 @@ def _load_and_export(model_name: str):
         return
 
     ckpt = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location="cpu", weights_only=True)
-    print(f"[加载] {model_name}: epoch={ckpt.get('epoch', '?')}  acc={ckpt.get('best_acc', '?')}")
+    acc_info = ckpt.get('best_acc') or ckpt.get('best_tol_acc', '?')
+    print(f"[加载] {model_name}: epoch={ckpt.get('epoch', '?')}  acc={acc_info}")
 
     if model_name == "classifier":
         model = CaptchaClassifier(num_types=NUM_CAPTCHA_TYPES)
@@ -94,11 +97,19 @@ def _load_and_export(model_name: str):
         h, w = IMAGE_SIZE["math"]
         model = LiteCRNN(chars=chars, img_h=h, img_w=w)
         input_shape = (1, h, w)
-    elif model_name == "threed":
+    elif model_name == "threed_text":
         chars = ckpt.get("chars", THREED_CHARS)
-        h, w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d"]
+        h, w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_text"]
         model = ThreeDCNN(chars=chars, img_h=h, img_w=w)
         input_shape = (1, h, w)
+    elif model_name == "threed_rotate":
+        h, w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_rotate"]
+        model = RegressionCNN(img_h=h, img_w=w)
+        input_shape = (1, h, w)
+    elif model_name == "threed_slider":
+        h, w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_slider"]
+        model = RegressionCNN(img_h=h, img_w=w)
+        input_shape = (1, h, w)
     else:
         print(f"[错误] 未知模型: {model_name}")
         return
@@ -108,11 +119,11 @@ def _load_and_export(model_name: str):
 
 
 def export_all():
-    """依次导出 classifier, normal, math, threed 四个模型。"""
+    """依次导出 classifier, normal, math, threed_text, threed_rotate, threed_slider 六个模型。"""
     print("=" * 50)
     print("导出全部 ONNX 模型")
     print("=" * 50)
-    for name in ["classifier", "normal", "math", "threed"]:
+    for name in ["classifier", "normal", "math", "threed_text", "threed_rotate", "threed_slider"]:
         _load_and_export(name)
     print("\n全部导出完成。")
 

inference/pipeline.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 加载调度模型和所有专家模型 (ONNX 格式)，提供统一的 solve(image) 接口。
 
 推理流程:
-    输入图片 → 预处理 → 调度分类器 → 路由到专家模型 → CTC 解码 → 后处理 → 输出
+    输入图片 → 预处理 → 调度分类器 → 路由到专家模型 → CTC 解码 / 回归缩放 → 后处理 → 输出
 
 对算式类型，解码后还会调用 math_eval 计算结果。
 """
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ from config import (
     NORMAL_CHARS,
     MATH_CHARS,
     THREED_CHARS,
+    REGRESSION_RANGE,
 )
 from inference.math_eval import eval_captcha_math
 
@@ -59,19 +60,24 @@ class CaptchaPipeline:
         self.mean = INFERENCE_CONFIG["normalize_mean"]
         self.std = INFERENCE_CONFIG["normalize_std"]
 
-        # 字符集映射
+        # 字符集映射 (仅 CTC 模型需要)
         self._chars = {
             "normal": NORMAL_CHARS,
             "math": MATH_CHARS,
-            "3d": THREED_CHARS,
+            "3d_text": THREED_CHARS,
         }
 
+        # 回归模型类型
+        self._regression_types = {"3d_rotate", "3d_slider"}
+
         # 专家模型名 → ONNX 文件名
         self._model_files = {
             "classifier": "classifier.onnx",
             "normal": "normal.onnx",
             "math": "math.onnx",
-            "3d": "threed.onnx",
+            "3d_text": "threed_text.onnx",
+            "3d_rotate": "threed_rotate.onnx",
+            "3d_slider": "threed_slider.onnx",
         }
 
         # 加载所有可用模型
@@ -116,7 +122,7 @@ class CaptchaPipeline:
 
     def classify(self, image: Image.Image) -> str:
         """
-        调度分类，返回类型名: 'normal' / 'math' / '3d'。
+        调度分类，返回类型名。
 
         Raises:
             RuntimeError: 分类器模型未加载
@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ class CaptchaPipeline:
 
         Args:
             image:        PIL.Image 或文件路径 (str/Path) 或 bytes
-            captcha_type: 指定类型可跳过分类 ('normal'/'math'/'3d')
+            captcha_type: 指定类型可跳过分类 ('normal'/'math'/'3d_text'/'3d_rotate'/'3d_slider')
 
         Returns:
             dict: {
@@ -166,22 +172,32 @@ class CaptchaPipeline:
                 f"专家模型 '{captcha_type}' 未加载，请先训练并导出对应 ONNX 模型"
             )
 
-        size_key = captcha_type  # "normal"/"math"/"3d"
+        size_key = captcha_type
         inp = self.preprocess(img, IMAGE_SIZE[size_key])
         session = self._sessions[captcha_type]
         input_name = session.get_inputs()[0].name
-        logits = session.run(None, {input_name: inp})[0]  # (T, 1, C)
 
-        # 4. CTC 贪心解码
+        # 4. 分支: CTC 解码 vs 回归
+        if captcha_type in self._regression_types:
+            # 回归模型: 输出 (batch, 1) sigmoid 值
+            output = session.run(None, {input_name: inp})[0]  # (1, 1)
+            sigmoid_val = float(output[0, 0])
+            lo, hi = REGRESSION_RANGE[captcha_type]
+            real_val = sigmoid_val * (hi - lo) + lo
+            raw_text = f"{real_val:.1f}"
+            result = str(int(round(real_val)))
+        else:
+            # CTC 模型
+            logits = session.run(None, {input_name: inp})[0]  # (T, 1, C)
             chars = self._chars[captcha_type]
             raw_text = self._ctc_greedy_decode(logits, chars)
 
-        # 5. 后处理
+            # 后处理
             if captcha_type == "math":
                 try:
                     result = eval_captcha_math(raw_text)
                 except ValueError:
-                result = raw_text  # 解析失败则返回原始文本
+                    result = raw_text
             else:
                 result = raw_text
 

models/__init__.py

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 """
 模型定义包
 
-提供三种模型：
+提供四种模型：
 - CaptchaClassifier: 调度分类器 (轻量 CNN, < 500KB)
 - LiteCRNN: 轻量 CRNN (普通字符 + 算式, < 2MB)
-- ThreeDCNN: 3D 验证码专用模型 (ResNet-lite + BiLSTM, < 5MB)
+- ThreeDCNN: 3D 文字验证码专用模型 (ResNet-lite + BiLSTM, < 5MB)
+- RegressionCNN: 回归 CNN (3D 旋转 + 滑块, ~1MB)
 """
 
 from models.classifier import CaptchaClassifier
 from models.lite_crnn import LiteCRNN
 from models.threed_cnn import ThreeDCNN
+from models.regression_cnn import RegressionCNN
 
 __all__ = [
     "CaptchaClassifier",
     "LiteCRNN",
     "ThreeDCNN",
+    "RegressionCNN",
 ]

models/regression_cnn.py

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""
+回归 CNN 模型
+
+3d_rotate 和 3d_slider 共用的回归模型。
+输出 sigmoid 归一化到 [0,1]，推理时按 label_range 缩放回原始范围。
+
+架构:
+    Conv(1→32) + BN + ReLU + Pool
+    Conv(32→64) + BN + ReLU + Pool
+    Conv(64→128) + BN + ReLU + Pool
+    Conv(128→128) + BN + ReLU + Pool
+    AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1) → FC(128→64) → ReLU → Dropout(0.2) → FC(64→1) → Sigmoid
+
+约 250K 参数，~1MB。
+"""
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+
+
+class RegressionCNN(nn.Module):
+    """
+    轻量回归 CNN，用于 3d_rotate (角度) 和 3d_slider (偏移) 预测。
+
+    输出 [0, 1] 范围的 sigmoid 值，需要按 label_range 缩放到实际范围。
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, img_h: int = 80, img_w: int = 80):
+        """
+        Args:
+            img_h: 输入图片高度
+            img_w: 输入图片宽度
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.img_h = img_h
+        self.img_w = img_w
+
+        self.features = nn.Sequential(
+            # block 1: 1 → 32, H/2, W/2
+            nn.Conv2d(1, 32, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False),
+            nn.BatchNorm2d(32),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
+
+            # block 2: 32 → 64, H/4, W/4
+            nn.Conv2d(32, 64, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False),
+            nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
+
+            # block 3: 64 → 128, H/8, W/8
+            nn.Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False),
+            nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
+
+            # block 4: 128 → 128, H/16, W/16
+            nn.Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=3, padding=1, bias=False),
+            nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
+        )
+
+        self.pool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1)
+
+        self.regressor = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Linear(128, 64),
+            nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            nn.Dropout(0.2),
+            nn.Linear(64, 1),
+            nn.Sigmoid(),
+        )
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+            x: (batch, 1, H, W) 灰度图
+
+        Returns:
+            output: (batch, 1) sigmoid 输出 [0, 1]
+        """
+        feat = self.features(x)
+        feat = self.pool(feat)          # (B, 128, 1, 1)
+        feat = feat.flatten(1)          # (B, 128)
+        out = self.regressor(feat)      # (B, 1)
+        return out

training/__init__.py

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 """
 训练脚本包
 
-- dataset.py:          CRNNDataset / CaptchaDataset 通用数据集类
+- dataset.py:               CRNNDataset / CaptchaDataset / RegressionDataset 通用数据集类
 - train_utils.py:            CTC 训练通用逻辑 (train_ctc_model)
+- train_regression_utils.py: 回归训练通用逻辑 (train_regression_model)
 - train_normal.py:           训练普通字符识别 (LiteCRNN - normal)
 - train_math.py:             训练算式识别 (LiteCRNN - math)
-- train_3d.py:         训练 3D 立体识别 (ThreeDCNN)
+- train_3d_text.py:          训练 3D 立体文字识别 (ThreeDCNN)
+- train_3d_rotate.py:        训练 3D 旋转回归 (RegressionCNN)
+- train_3d_slider.py:        训练 3D 滑块回归 (RegressionCNN)
 - train_classifier.py:       训练调度分类器 (CaptchaClassifier)
 """

training/dataset.py

@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 """
 通用 Dataset 类
 
-提供两种数据集：
+提供三种数据集：
 - CaptchaDataset:    用于分类器训练 (图片 → 类别标签)
 - CRNNDataset:       用于 CRNN/CTC 识别训练 (图片 → 字符序列编码)
+- RegressionDataset: 用于回归模型训练 (图片 → 数值标签 [0,1])
 
 文件名格式约定: {label}_{任意}.png
   - 分类器: label 可为任意字符，所在子目录名即为类别
   - 识别器: label 即标注内容 (如 "A3B8" 或 "3+8")
+  - 回归器: label 为数值 (如 "135" 或 "87")
 """
 
 import os
+import warnings
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from PIL import Image
@@ -98,7 +101,15 @@ class CRNNDataset(Dataset):
             img = self.transform(img)
 
         # 编码标签为整数序列
-        target = [self.char_to_idx[c] for c in label if c in self.char_to_idx]
+        target = []
+        for c in label:
+            if c in self.char_to_idx:
+                target.append(self.char_to_idx[c])
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"标签 '{label}' 含字符集外字符 '{c}'，已跳过 (文件: {path})",
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
         return img, target, label
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -119,7 +130,7 @@ class CaptchaDataset(Dataset):
     """
     分类器训练数据集。
 
-    每个子目录名为类别名 (如 "normal", "math", "3d")，
+    每个子目录名为类别名 (如 "normal", "math", "3d_text")，
     目录内所有 .png 文件属于该类。
     """
 
@@ -157,3 +168,59 @@ class CaptchaDataset(Dataset):
         if self.transform:
             img = self.transform(img)
         return img, label
+
+
+# ============================================================
+# 回归模型用数据集
+# ============================================================
+class RegressionDataset(Dataset):
+    """
+    回归模型数据集 (3d_rotate / 3d_slider)。
+
+    从目录中读取 {value}_{xxx}.png 文件，
+    将 value 解析为浮点数并归一化到 [0, 1]。
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dirs: list[str | Path],
+        label_range: tuple[float, float],
+        transform: transforms.Compose | None = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+            dirs:        数据目录列表
+            label_range: (min_val, max_val) 标签原始范围
+            transform:   图片预处理/增强
+        """
+        self.label_range = label_range
+        self.lo, self.hi = label_range
+        self.transform = transform
+
+        self.samples: list[tuple[str, float]] = []  # (文件路径, 归一化标签)
+        for d in dirs:
+            d = Path(d)
+            if not d.exists():
+                continue
+            for f in sorted(d.glob("*.png")):
+                raw_label = f.stem.rsplit("_", 1)[0]
+                try:
+                    value = float(raw_label)
+                except ValueError:
+                    continue
+                # 归一化到 [0, 1]
+                norm = (value - self.lo) / max(self.hi - self.lo, 1e-6)
+                norm = max(0.0, min(1.0, norm))
+                self.samples.append((str(f), norm))
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.samples)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int):
+        import torch
+        path, label = self.samples[idx]
+        img = Image.open(path).convert("RGB")
+        if self.transform:
+            img = self.transform(img)
+        return img, torch.tensor([label], dtype=torch.float32)
+

training/train_3d_rotate.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""
+训练 3D 旋转验证码回归模型 (RegressionCNN)
+
+用法: python -m training.train_3d_rotate
+"""
+
+from config import (
+    IMAGE_SIZE,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR,
+    REAL_3D_ROTATE_DIR,
+)
+from generators.threed_rotate_gen import ThreeDRotateGenerator
+from models.regression_cnn import RegressionCNN
+from training.train_regression_utils import train_regression_model
+
+
+def main():
+    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_rotate"]
+    model = RegressionCNN(img_h=img_h, img_w=img_w)
+
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print("训练 3D 旋转验证码回归模型 (RegressionCNN)")
+    print(f"  输入尺寸: {img_h}×{img_w}")
+    print(f"  任务: 预测旋转角度 0-359°")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    train_regression_model(
+        model_name="threed_rotate",
+        model=model,
+        synthetic_dir=SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR,
+        real_dir=REAL_3D_ROTATE_DIR,
+        generator_cls=ThreeDRotateGenerator,
+        config_key="3d_rotate",
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

training/train_3d_slider.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""
+训练 3D 滑块验证码回归模型 (RegressionCNN)
+
+用法: python -m training.train_3d_slider
+"""
+
+from config import (
+    IMAGE_SIZE,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
+    REAL_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
+)
+from generators.threed_slider_gen import ThreeDSliderGenerator
+from models.regression_cnn import RegressionCNN
+from training.train_regression_utils import train_regression_model
+
+
+def main():
+    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_slider"]
+    model = RegressionCNN(img_h=img_h, img_w=img_w)
+
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print("训练 3D 滑块验证码回归模型 (RegressionCNN)")
+    print(f"  输入尺寸: {img_h}×{img_w}")
+    print(f"  任务: 预测滑块偏移 x 坐标")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    train_regression_model(
+        model_name="threed_slider",
+        model=model,
+        synthetic_dir=SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
+        real_dir=REAL_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
+        generator_cls=ThreeDSliderGenerator,
+        config_key="3d_slider",
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

training/train_3d_text.py

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 """
-训练 3D 立体验证码识别模型 (ThreeDCNN)
+训练 3D 立体文字验证码识别模型 (ThreeDCNN)
 
-用法: python -m training.train_3d
+用法: python -m training.train_3d_text
 """
 
 from config import (
     THREED_CHARS,
     IMAGE_SIZE,
-    SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR,
-    REAL_3D_DIR,
+    REAL_3D_TEXT_DIR,
 )
 from generators.threed_gen import ThreeDCaptchaGenerator
 from models.threed_cnn import ThreeDCNN
@@ -16,23 +16,23 @@ from training.train_utils import train_ctc_model
 
 
 def main():
-    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d"]
+    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE["3d_text"]
     model = ThreeDCNN(chars=THREED_CHARS, img_h=img_h, img_w=img_w)
 
     print("=" * 60)
-    print("训练 3D 立体验证码识别模型 (ThreeDCNN)")
+    print("训练 3D 立体文字验证码识别模型 (ThreeDCNN)")
     print(f"  字符集: {THREED_CHARS}  ({len(THREED_CHARS)} 字符)")
     print(f"  输入尺寸: {img_h}×{img_w}")
     print("=" * 60)
 
     train_ctc_model(
-        model_name="threed",
+        model_name="threed_text",
         model=model,
         chars=THREED_CHARS,
-        synthetic_dir=SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR,
+        synthetic_dir=SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR,
-        real_dir=REAL_3D_DIR,
+        real_dir=REAL_3D_TEXT_DIR,
         generator_cls=ThreeDCaptchaGenerator,
-        config_key="threed",
+        config_key="3d_text",
     )
 
 

training/train_classifier.py

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 """
 训练调度分类器 (CaptchaClassifier)
 
-从各类型验证码数据中混合采样，训练分类器区分 normal / math / 3d。
+从各类型验证码数据中混合采样，训练分类器区分 normal / math / 3d_text / 3d_rotate / 3d_slider。
 数据来源: data/classifier/ 目录 (按类型子目录组织)
 
 用法: python -m training.train_classifier
 """
 
 import os
+import random
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, random_split
@@ -24,15 +26,20 @@ from config import (
     CLASSIFIER_DIR,
     SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR,
     SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR,
-    SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR,
+    SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR,
     CHECKPOINTS_DIR,
     ONNX_DIR,
     ONNX_CONFIG,
+    RANDOM_SEED,
     get_device,
 )
 from generators.normal_gen import NormalCaptchaGenerator
 from generators.math_gen import MathCaptchaGenerator
 from generators.threed_gen import ThreeDCaptchaGenerator
+from generators.threed_rotate_gen import ThreeDRotateGenerator
+from generators.threed_slider_gen import ThreeDSliderGenerator
 from models.classifier import CaptchaClassifier
 from training.dataset import CaptchaDataset, build_train_transform, build_val_transform
 
@@ -52,7 +59,9 @@ def _prepare_classifier_data():
     type_info = [
         ("normal", SYNTHETIC_NORMAL_DIR, NormalCaptchaGenerator),
         ("math", SYNTHETIC_MATH_DIR, MathCaptchaGenerator),
-        ("3d", SYNTHETIC_3D_DIR, ThreeDCaptchaGenerator),
+        ("3d_text", SYNTHETIC_3D_TEXT_DIR, ThreeDCaptchaGenerator),
+        ("3d_rotate", SYNTHETIC_3D_ROTATE_DIR, ThreeDRotateGenerator),
+        ("3d_slider", SYNTHETIC_3D_SLIDER_DIR, ThreeDSliderGenerator),
     ]
 
     for cls_name, syn_dir, gen_cls in type_info:
@@ -95,6 +104,13 @@ def main():
     img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE["classifier"]
     device = get_device()
 
+    # 设置随机种子
+    random.seed(RANDOM_SEED)
+    np.random.seed(RANDOM_SEED)
+    torch.manual_seed(RANDOM_SEED)
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(RANDOM_SEED)
+
     print("=" * 60)
     print("训练调度分类器 (CaptchaClassifier)")
     print(f"  类别: {CAPTCHA_TYPES}")
@@ -128,11 +144,11 @@ def main():
 
     train_loader = DataLoader(
         train_ds, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=True,
-        num_workers=2, pin_memory=True,
+        num_workers=0, pin_memory=True,
     )
     val_loader = DataLoader(
         val_ds_clean, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=False,
-        num_workers=2, pin_memory=True,
+        num_workers=0, pin_memory=True,
     )
 
     print(f"[数据] 训练: {train_size}  验证: {val_size}")

training/train_regression_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+"""
+回归训练通用逻辑
+
+提供 train_regression_model() 函数，被 train_3d_rotate / train_3d_slider 共用。
+职责：
+1. 检查合成数据，不存在则自动调用生成器
+2. 构建 RegressionDataset / DataLoader（含真实数据混合）
+3. 回归训练循环 + cosine scheduler
+4. 输出日志: epoch, loss, MAE, tolerance 准确率
+5. 保存最佳模型到 checkpoints/
+6. 训练结束导出 ONNX
+"""
+
+import random
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, random_split
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from config import (
+    CHECKPOINTS_DIR,
+    ONNX_DIR,
+    ONNX_CONFIG,
+    TRAIN_CONFIG,
+    IMAGE_SIZE,
+    REGRESSION_RANGE,
+    RANDOM_SEED,
+    get_device,
+)
+from training.dataset import RegressionDataset, build_train_transform, build_val_transform
+
+
+def _set_seed(seed: int = RANDOM_SEED):
+    """设置全局随机种子，保证训练可复现。"""
+    random.seed(seed)
+    np.random.seed(seed)
+    torch.manual_seed(seed)
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
+
+
+def _circular_smooth_l1(pred: torch.Tensor, target: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """
+    循环距离 SmoothL1 loss，用于角度回归 (处理 0°/360° 边界)。
+    pred 和 target 都在 [0, 1] 范围。
+    """
+    diff = torch.abs(pred - target)
+    # 循环距离: min(|d|, 1-|d|)
+    diff = torch.min(diff, 1.0 - diff)
+    # SmoothL1
+    return torch.where(
+        diff < 1.0 / 360.0,  # beta ≈ 1° 归一化
+        0.5 * diff * diff / (1.0 / 360.0),
+        diff - 0.5 * (1.0 / 360.0),
+    ).mean()
+
+
+def _circular_mae(pred: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> float:
+    """循环 MAE (归一化空间)。"""
+    diff = np.abs(pred - target)
+    diff = np.minimum(diff, 1.0 - diff)
+    return float(np.mean(diff))
+
+
+def _export_onnx(model: nn.Module, model_name: str, img_h: int, img_w: int):
+    """导出模型为 ONNX 格式。"""
+    model.eval()
+    onnx_path = ONNX_DIR / f"{model_name}.onnx"
+    dummy = torch.randn(1, 1, img_h, img_w)
+    torch.onnx.export(
+        model.cpu(),
+        dummy,
+        str(onnx_path),
+        opset_version=ONNX_CONFIG["opset_version"],
+        input_names=["input"],
+        output_names=["output"],
+        dynamic_axes={"input": {0: "batch"}, "output": {0: "batch"}}
+        if ONNX_CONFIG["dynamic_batch"]
+        else None,
+    )
+    print(f"[ONNX] 导出完成: {onnx_path}  ({onnx_path.stat().st_size / 1024:.1f} KB)")
+
+
+def train_regression_model(
+    model_name: str,
+    model: nn.Module,
+    synthetic_dir: str | Path,
+    real_dir: str | Path,
+    generator_cls,
+    config_key: str,
+):
+    """
+    通用回归训练流程。
+
+    Args:
+        model_name:    模型名称 (用于保存文件: threed_rotate / threed_slider)
+        model:         PyTorch 模型实例 (RegressionCNN)
+        synthetic_dir: 合成数据目录
+        real_dir:      真实数据目录
+        generator_cls: 生成器类 (用于自动生成数据)
+        config_key:    TRAIN_CONFIG / REGRESSION_RANGE 中的键名 (3d_rotate / 3d_slider)
+    """
+    cfg = TRAIN_CONFIG[config_key]
+    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE[config_key]
+    label_range = REGRESSION_RANGE[config_key]
+    lo, hi = label_range
+    is_circular = config_key == "3d_rotate"
+    device = get_device()
+
+    # 容差配置
+    if config_key == "3d_rotate":
+        tolerance = 5.0    # ±5°
+    else:
+        tolerance = 3.0    # ±3px
+
+    _set_seed()
+
+    # ---- 1. 检查 / 生成合成数据 ----
+    syn_path = Path(synthetic_dir)
+    existing = list(syn_path.glob("*.png"))
+    if len(existing) < cfg["synthetic_samples"]:
+        print(f"[数据] 合成数据不足 ({len(existing)}/{cfg['synthetic_samples']})，开始生成...")
+        gen = generator_cls()
+        gen.generate_dataset(cfg["synthetic_samples"], str(syn_path))
+    else:
+        print(f"[数据] 合成数据已就绪: {len(existing)} 张")
+
+    # ---- 2. 构建数据集 ----
+    data_dirs = [str(syn_path)]
+    real_path = Path(real_dir)
+    if real_path.exists() and list(real_path.glob("*.png")):
+        data_dirs.append(str(real_path))
+        print(f"[数据] 混合真实数据: {len(list(real_path.glob('*.png')))} 张")
+
+    train_transform = build_train_transform(img_h, img_w)
+    val_transform = build_val_transform(img_h, img_w)
+
+    full_dataset = RegressionDataset(
+        dirs=data_dirs, label_range=label_range, transform=train_transform,
+    )
+    total = len(full_dataset)
+    val_size = int(total * cfg["val_split"])
+    train_size = total - val_size
+    train_ds, val_ds = random_split(full_dataset, [train_size, val_size])
+
+    # 验证集使用无增强 transform
+    val_ds_clean = RegressionDataset(
+        dirs=data_dirs, label_range=label_range, transform=val_transform,
+    )
+    val_ds_clean.samples = [full_dataset.samples[i] for i in val_ds.indices]
+
+    train_loader = DataLoader(
+        train_ds, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=True,
+        num_workers=0, pin_memory=True,
+    )
+    val_loader = DataLoader(
+        val_ds_clean, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=False,
+        num_workers=0, pin_memory=True,
+    )
+
+    print(f"[数据] 训练: {train_size}  验证: {val_size}")
+
+    # ---- 3. 优化器 / 调度器 / 损失 ----
+    model = model.to(device)
+    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=cfg["lr"])
+    scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max=cfg["epochs"])
+
+    if is_circular:
+        loss_fn = _circular_smooth_l1
+    else:
+        loss_fn = nn.SmoothL1Loss()
+
+    best_mae = float("inf")
+    best_tol_acc = 0.0
+    ckpt_path = CHECKPOINTS_DIR / f"{model_name}.pth"
+
+    # ---- 4. 训练循环 ----
+    for epoch in range(1, cfg["epochs"] + 1):
+        model.train()
+        total_loss = 0.0
+        num_batches = 0
+
+        pbar = tqdm(train_loader, desc=f"Epoch {epoch}/{cfg['epochs']}", leave=False)
+        for images, targets in pbar:
+            images = images.to(device)
+            targets = targets.to(device)
+
+            preds = model(images)
+            loss = loss_fn(preds, targets)
+
+            optimizer.zero_grad()
+            loss.backward()
+            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), max_norm=5.0)
+            optimizer.step()
+
+            total_loss += loss.item()
+            num_batches += 1
+            pbar.set_postfix(loss=f"{loss.item():.4f}")
+
+        scheduler.step()
+        avg_loss = total_loss / max(num_batches, 1)
+
+        # ---- 5. 验证 ----
+        model.eval()
+        all_preds = []
+        all_targets = []
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            for images, targets in val_loader:
+                images = images.to(device)
+                preds = model(images)
+                all_preds.append(preds.cpu().numpy())
+                all_targets.append(targets.numpy())
+
+        all_preds = np.concatenate(all_preds, axis=0).flatten()
+        all_targets = np.concatenate(all_targets, axis=0).flatten()
+
+        # 缩放回原始范围计算 MAE
+        preds_real = all_preds * (hi - lo) + lo
+        targets_real = all_targets * (hi - lo) + lo
+
+        if is_circular:
+            # 循环 MAE
+            diff = np.abs(preds_real - targets_real)
+            diff = np.minimum(diff, (hi - lo) - diff)
+            mae = float(np.mean(diff))
+            within_tol = diff <= tolerance
+        else:
+            mae = float(np.mean(np.abs(preds_real - targets_real)))
+            within_tol = np.abs(preds_real - targets_real) <= tolerance
+
+        tol_acc = float(np.mean(within_tol))
+        lr = scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]
+
+        print(
+            f"Epoch {epoch:3d}/{cfg['epochs']}  "
+            f"loss={avg_loss:.4f}  "
+            f"MAE={mae:.2f}  "
+            f"tol_acc(±{tolerance:.0f})={tol_acc:.4f}  "
+            f"lr={lr:.6f}"
+        )
+
+        # ---- 6. 保存最佳模型 (以容差准确率为准) ----
+        if tol_acc >= best_tol_acc:
+            best_tol_acc = tol_acc
+            best_mae = mae
+            torch.save({
+                "model_state_dict": model.state_dict(),
+                "label_range": label_range,
+                "best_mae": best_mae,
+                "best_tol_acc": best_tol_acc,
+                "epoch": epoch,
+            }, ckpt_path)
+            print(f"  → 保存最佳模型 tol_acc={best_tol_acc:.4f} MAE={best_mae:.2f}  {ckpt_path}")
+
+    # ---- 7. 导出 ONNX ----
+    print(f"\n[训练完成] 最佳容差准确率: {best_tol_acc:.4f}  最佳 MAE: {best_mae:.2f}")
+    ckpt = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location="cpu", weights_only=True)
+    model.load_state_dict(ckpt["model_state_dict"])
+    _export_onnx(model, model_name, img_h, img_w)
+
+    return best_tol_acc

training/train_utils.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
 CTC 训练通用逻辑
 
-提供 train_ctc_model() 函数，被 train_normal / train_math / train_3d 共用。
+提供 train_ctc_model() 函数，被 train_normal / train_math / train_3d_text 共用。
 职责：
 1. 检查合成数据，不存在则自动调用生成器
 2. 构建 Dataset / DataLoader（含真实数据混合）
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ CTC 训练通用逻辑
 """
 
 import os
+import random
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import numpy as np
 import torch
 import torch.nn as nn
 from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, random_split
@@ -25,11 +27,21 @@ from config import (
     ONNX_CONFIG,
     TRAIN_CONFIG,
     IMAGE_SIZE,
+    RANDOM_SEED,
     get_device,
 )
 from training.dataset import CRNNDataset, build_train_transform, build_val_transform
 
 
+def _set_seed(seed: int = RANDOM_SEED):
+    """设置全局随机种子，保证训练可复现。"""
+    random.seed(seed)
+    np.random.seed(seed)
+    torch.manual_seed(seed)
+    if torch.cuda.is_available():
+        torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
+
+
 # ============================================================
 # 准确率计算
 # ============================================================
@@ -104,9 +116,12 @@ def train_ctc_model(
         config_key:    TRAIN_CONFIG 中的键名
     """
     cfg = TRAIN_CONFIG[config_key]
-    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE[config_key if config_key != "threed" else "3d"]
+    img_h, img_w = IMAGE_SIZE[config_key]
     device = get_device()
 
+    # 设置随机种子
+    _set_seed()
+
     # ---- 1. 检查 / 生成合成数据 ----
     syn_path = Path(synthetic_dir)
     existing = list(syn_path.glob("*.png"))
@@ -139,11 +154,11 @@ def train_ctc_model(
 
     train_loader = DataLoader(
         train_ds, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=True,
-        num_workers=2, collate_fn=CRNNDataset.collate_fn, pin_memory=True,
+        num_workers=0, collate_fn=CRNNDataset.collate_fn, pin_memory=True,
     )
     val_loader = DataLoader(
         val_ds_clean, batch_size=cfg["batch_size"], shuffle=False,
-        num_workers=2, collate_fn=CRNNDataset.collate_fn, pin_memory=True,
+        num_workers=0, collate_fn=CRNNDataset.collate_fn, pin_memory=True,
     )
 
     print(f"[数据] 训练: {train_size}  验证: {val_size}")
@@ -166,12 +181,11 @@ def train_ctc_model(
         pbar = tqdm(train_loader, desc=f"Epoch {epoch}/{cfg['epochs']}", leave=False)
         for images, targets, target_lengths, _ in pbar:
             images = images.to(device)
-            targets = targets.to(device)
-            target_lengths = target_lengths.to(device)
 
             logits = model(images)  # (T, B, C)
             T, B, C = logits.shape
-            input_lengths = torch.full((B,), T, dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+            # cuDNN CTC requires targets/lengths on CPU
+            input_lengths = torch.full((B,), T, dtype=torch.int32)
 
             log_probs = logits.log_softmax(2)
             loss = ctc_loss(log_probs, targets, input_lengths, target_lengths)